Science,1 JAN 2026,VOLUME 391, ISSUE 6780

 《科学》2026年1月1日，第391卷，6780期

物理学Physics

Experimental evidence for nodal superconducting gap in moiré graphene

莫尔石墨烯中节点型超导能隙的实验证据

▲ 作者：JEONG MIN PARK, SHUWEN SUN, KENJI WATANABE, TAKASHI TANIGUCHI, AND PABLO JARILLO-HERRERO

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv8376

▲摘要：理解魔角石墨烯超导性质的核心挑战在于甄别这一强关联系统中不同的能量尺度，尤其是超导能隙。研究通过同步进行魔角扭曲三层石墨烯的隧穿谱与输运测量，识别出两个不同能量尺度共存的V形隧穿能隙：独特的低能超导能隙（在超导临界温度和临界磁场下消失）以及更高能的赝能隙。

超导隧穿谱表现出随温度和磁场呈线性能隙填充行为，并表现出沃洛维克效应，符合节点型序参量特征。该研究表明其超导能隙具有非常规特性，并为可调控量子材料的多元研究建立了实验框架。

▲ Abstract：Understanding the nature of superconductivity in magic-angle graphene remains challenging. A key difficulty lies in discerning the different energy scales in this strongly interacting system, particularly the superconducting gap. In this work, we report simultaneous tunneling spectroscopy and transport measurements of magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene. This approach allows us to identify two coexisting V-shaped tunneling gaps with different energy scales: a distinct low-energy superconducting gap that vanishes at the superconducting critical temperature and magnetic field and a higher-energy pseudogap. The superconducting tunneling spectra display a linear gap-filling behavior with temperature and magnetic field and exhibit the Volovik effect, consistent with a nodal order parameter. Our work suggests an unconventional nature of the superconducting gap and establishes an experimental framework for multidimensional investigation of tunable quantum materials.

Local fields reveal atomic-scale nonadiabatic carrier-phonon dynamics

局域场揭示原子尺度非绝热载流子-声子动力学

▲ 作者：SERGEJ NEB, DONG-BIN SHIN, FLORENCE BURRI, MARKO HOLLM, ERIK W. DE VOS, DENIS A. KUZNETSOV, CHRISTOPH R. MüLLER, ALEXEY FEDOROV, SHUNSUKE A. SATO , AND URSULA KELLER

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea1523

▲ 摘要：热耗散在微电子学中至关重要，但凝聚态物质中的非平衡热化过程（如超快高度非平衡电子-声子动力学）在原子尺度上仍未得到充分理解。研究者利用阿秒瞬态吸收光谱结合多体理论建模，在典型二维材料Ti?C?T? MXene中，以前所未有的轨道与位点特异性，解析了晶格运动引起的非绝热、能量依赖的电子响应。

该研究方法揭示了超快载流子局域化动力学与电子-声子耦合强度之间的关联，标志着在实现量子材料能量耗散的量子级控制方面迈出重要一步，并为通过晶体工程或声子模式调控实现电子器件热管理提出了新策略。

▲ Abstract：Heat dissipation is crucial in microelectronics, yet nonequilibrium thermalization processes in condensed matter, such as ultrafast highly nonequilibrium electron-phonon dynamics, are still not well understood at the atomic scale. Using attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in combination with many-body theoretical modeling, Neb et al. resolved nonadiabatic, energy-dependent electronic responses to lattice motion with previously inaccessible orbital and site specificity in the prototypical two-dimensional material Ti₃C₂T_X MXene. The presented approach revealed connections between ultrafast carrier localization dynamics and the strength of electron-phonon coupling, marking a major step toward achieving quantum-level control over energy dissipation in quantum materials and suggesting strategies for thermal management in electronics through crystallographic engineering or phonon mode tuning. 

A free-floating-planet microlensing event caused by a Saturn-mass object

由土星质量天体引发的自由漂浮行星微引力透镜事件

▲ 作者：SUBO DONG, ZEXUAN WU, YOON-HYUN RYU, ANDRZEJ UDALSKI, PRZEMEK MRóZ, KRZYSZTOF A. RYBICKI, SIMON T. HODGKIN, ?UKASZ WYRZYKOWSKI, LAURENT EYER , AND ELMé BREEDT

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv9266

▲摘要：引力微透镜效应会导致前景天体经过视线方向时，背景恒星的视亮度发生变化。透镜天体的质量与距离通常是难以区分的耦合参数。研究者发现了一起由行星质量天体引发且无宿主恒星的微透镜事件。

通过结合地面与遥远太空望远镜的观测数据，可以打破质量-距离的简并性，从而测得该透镜天体的质量与土星相近。研究者认为，这一自由漂浮天体并非孤立形成，而是通过动力学相互作用从其宿主行星系统被抛射而出。

▲ Abstract：Gravitational microlensing causes the apparent brightness of a background star to vary when a foreground object passes across our line of sight. The mass and distance of the lensing object are usually degenerate parameters. Dong et al. have identified a microlensing event caused by a planetary-mass object with no associated host star (see the Perspective by Coleman). By combining observations from Earth and a distant spacecraft, the mass-distance degeneracy can be broken, allowing for measurement of the lensing object’s mass, which is similar to Saturn’s. The researchers argue that this free-floating object did not form in isolation but was ejected from a host planetary system by dynamical interactions. 

生物学Biology

Genomic and morphometric evidence for Austronesian-mediated pig translocation in the Pacific

猪群迁徙的基因组与形态证据

▲ 作者：DAVID W. G. STANTON, AURELIE MANIN, ALLOWEN EVIN, KRISTINA TABBADA, ANNA LINDERHOLM, ROSIE DRINKWATER, OLAF THALMANN, SAID I. NG'ANG'A, NOEL AMANO, AND LAURENT FRANTZ 

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv4963

▲ 摘要：多种猪科动物原产于东南亚海岛地区，部分种类具有独特的牙齿形态与线粒体DNA单倍群，但该地区猪的演化历史尚不清晰。研究者收集了117个现代、历史及古代个体的遗传数据，并检测了700多个现代与考古样本的形态测量数据。

通过与585个已发表的线粒体基因组进行比较，他们发现，如今从夏威夷至菲律宾的大部分猪种可能均由南岛语族群体引入的家猪贡献。然而，这些群体早期样本并未显示与当地原生物种的基因混合，这与早期人类群体在最初迁徙时未与当地群体发生基因交流的现象相一致。

▲ Abstract：Multiple species of pigs are endemic to Maritime Southeast Asia. Some of them exhibit a distinctive tooth shape and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, but the history of pigs in this region is not clear. Stanton et al. collected genetic data from 117 modern, historic, and ancient individuals and examined morphometric data from over 700 modern and archeological samples. After comparing with 585 published mitochondrial genomes, the authors found that domestic pigs, which were likely introduced by Austronesian-speaking groups, contributed to most pigs found today from Hawaii to the Philippines. However, early specimens from these groups show no admixture with endemic species, mirroring the lack of mixture between these early human groups with local groups during their initial migrations. 

ARF3-mediated auxin signaling is essential for sex determination in cucumberARF3

介导的生长素信号通路对黄瓜性别决定至关重要

▲ 作者：LIJIE HAN, MIN LI, CHUANG LI, BOSI ZHAO, ZHONGYI WANG, YE LIU, ZHIHAN LIU, YAFEI HUANG , LIU LIU , AND XIAOLAN ZHANG 

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv2006

▲ 摘要：性别决定是雄花与雌花形成的基础，对作物育种具有重要意义。在葫芦科植物中，生长素和乙烯共同调控雌性发育。研究者发现，黄瓜生长素响应因子CsARF3对雌蕊发育起关键作用：敲除该基因会导致全雄花表型，而过表达该基因则会增加雌花数量。

CsARF3通过直接激活分生组织维持基因CsSTM的表达，并抑制雌性抑制基因CsWIP1的活性来促进雌性发育。生长素与乙烯在性别决定过程中存在互馈调控：早期花发育阶段，乙烯通过生长素促进雌蕊形成；随后雌蕊中的生长素信号通过增强乙烯生物合成来抑制雄蕊发育。

▲ Abstract：Sex determination underpins genesis of male and female flowers with particularly important implications in plant breeding. Auxin and ethylene regulate femaleness in cucurbits. In this work, we identified an auxin response factor 3 (CsARF3) that plays an essential role in carpel development in cucumber. Deletion of CsARF3 resulted in an androecious phenotype with only male flowers, whereas overexpression of CsARF3 led to an increased number of female flowers. CsARF3 promotes femaleness by directly stimulating the expression of the meristem maintenance gene CsSTM and repressing the activity of the gynoecious gene CsWIP1. Auxin and ethylene exhibit a reciprocal relationship during sex determination, in which ethylene promotes carpel formation through auxin at the early stage of flower development. The auxin signaling in carpels then enhances ethylene biosynthesis to inhibit stamen development.

化学Chemistry

Ferrioxalate photocatalysis: A multitasking platform for reductive iron catalysis

草酸铁光催化：实现还原性铁催化的多功能平台

▲ 作者：CARLOS BERNABEU, SERGIO ADALID, SARA COLOMBO, NOJUS CIRONIS, PARTHA PRATIM SEN, KEN OKUNO, AND FABIO JULIá 

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb1702

▲摘要：铁的丰度使其成为可持续催化体系的重要选择，其反应路径也与贵金属形成互补。然而，标准铁盐难以被还原为活性物种，限制了其在还原转化中的应用。

研究者提出一种光化学策略，利用草酸铁配合物的配体到金属电荷转移激发态固有反应性，使草酸盐成为铁催化中潜在的双电子终端还原剂。

基于此活化模式开发的通用催化平台，实现了以往铁催化体系难以完成的多种转化。该策略采用易得原料，在多种还原转化中展现出高化学选择性，为合成化学开辟了新途径。

▲ Abstract：Iron’s abundance motivates its use in sustainable catalyst systems that also offer complementary reactivity manifolds compared to precious metals. However, the challenging reduction of benchmark iron salts to active species hinders their application in reductive transformations. In this work, we report a photochemical strategy that exploits the innate reactivity of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excited states of iron oxalate complexes to harness oxalate salts as latent terminal two-electron reductants in iron catalysis. The investigation of this activation mode has led to the development of a versatile catalytic platform enabling transformations hitherto inaccessible to previous iron catalyst systems. The synthetic value of this tactic is demonstrated on diverse reductive transformations using readily available building blocks with high chemoselectivity, opening new synthetic opportunities.