Science,18 Dec 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6779

《科学》2025年12月18日，第390卷，6779期

材料科学Material Sciences

Optimal perovskite vapor partitioning on textured silicon for high-stability tandem solar cells

绒面硅上的钙钛矿气相分区优化实现高稳定性叠层太阳能电池

▲ 作者：Nengxu Li, Xiuxiu Niu, Zijing Dong et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz3698

▲摘要：

在具有微米级金字塔结构的工业标准绒面硅衬底上，通过气相沉积制备均匀的钙钛矿薄膜仍面临困难，这主要源于钙钛矿蒸汽的复杂表面分区行为以及有机/无机组分蒸汽的非平衡吸附效应。

研究者通过引入3,3,3—三氟丙基—三甲氧基硅烷增强衬底与有机组分间的相互作用，从而优化钙钛矿蒸汽的表面分区并平衡其吸附过程。

该方法成功制备出垂直方向均匀、相杂质极少的钙钛矿薄膜，纳米束衍射技术进一步证实了钙钛矿立方相在不同金字塔区域的一致性形成。基于此工艺的叠层器件实现了31.3%的功率转换效率（孔径面积1平方厘米），并在85°C、1个太阳光连续照射1400小时后仍保持初始性能的90%，展现出卓越的工作稳定性。

▲ Abstract：

Achieving conformal, vapor-deposited perovskite films on industry-standard textured silicon substrates with micrometer-scale pyramids remains challenging because of the complex surface partitioning of perovskite vapors and the effects of nonequilibrium organic and inorganic vapor adsorption. We incorporated 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl-trimethoxysilane to enhance substrate-organic interactions, thereby optimizing surface partitioning and balancing adsorption of perovskite vapors. Vertically uniform perovskite films with minimal phase impurities formed, and nanobeam diffraction confirmed formation of the perovskite cubic phase across different pyramid regions. The resulting tandem devices achieved a power conversion efficiency of 31.3% (1 square centimeter aperture area) and exhibited excellent operational stability, retaining 90% of their initial performance after 1400 hours of continuous 1-sun illumination at 85°C.

医学Medicine

A cellular basis for heightened gut sensitivity in females

女性肠道敏感性增强的细胞机制

▲ 作者：Archana Venkataraman, Eric E. Figueroa et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz1398

▲摘要：

内脏疼痛障碍（如肠易激综合征）在女性中的发病率显著较高。肠道上皮中的肠嗜铬细胞（EC细胞）与黏膜感觉神经纤维之间的信号传导增强可能是导致这种性别差异的原因之一。

研究者鉴定出一条雌激素应答的旁分泌通路，其中两种肠内分泌细胞——表达肽YY（PYY）的L细胞和血清素能EC细胞——通过相互作用增强女性的肠道敏感性。

研究者发现，雌激素信号上调结肠L细胞中细菌代谢物短链脂肪酸受体Olfr78的表达，从而增加PYY释放及其对乙酸盐的敏感性。升高的PYY通过作用于邻近EC细胞的NPY1R受体，进一步增强血清素释放和肠道疼痛。

研究者提出，激素波动与内部（如压力）或环境（如饮食）因素共同放大这一局部雌激素应答的结肠回路，最终导致适应不良的肠道高敏感性。

▲ Abstract：

Visceral pain disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, exhibit a marked female prevalence. Enhanced signaling between enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut epithelium and mucosal sensory nerve fibers likely contributes to this sex bias. We identified an estrogen-responsive paracrine pathway in which two enteroendocrine cell types, peptide YY (PYY)–expressing L cells and serotonergic EC cells, communicate to increase gut sensitivity in females. We demonstrate that estrogen signaling up-regulates the bacterial metabolite short-chain fatty acid receptor Olfr78 on colonic L cells, increasing PYY release and their sensitivity to acetate. Elevated PYY acts on neighboring EC cells by means of NPY1R, thereby enhancing serotonin release and gut pain. We propose that hormonal fluctuations, in conjunction with internal (stress) or environmental (diet) factors, amplify this local estrogen-responsive colonic circuit, resulting in maladaptive gut sensitivity. 

AQP5: A functional gastric cancer stem cell marker in mouse and human tumors

AQP5：小鼠和人类肿瘤中的一种功能性胃癌干细胞标志物

▲ 作者：Hui Yi Grace Lim, Swathi Yada et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2428

▲摘要：

癌症干细胞（CSCs）是一类具有自我更新能力、能够驱动肿瘤长期生长的细胞群体。在胃癌中，CSC的群体特征尚未明确。研究者鉴定了由水通道蛋白aquaporin-5（AQP5）标记的胃癌干细胞群体，该细胞群存在于人类和小鼠的幽门部肿瘤中。

通过多种类器官模型和小鼠模型，研究者发现AQP5阳性CSCs对肿瘤发生和进展维持具有关键作用，并证明AQP5表达通过WNT、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）依赖性机制直接促进肿瘤生长与侵袭。

除原发肿瘤外，AQP5在转移性肿瘤中进一步富集功能性CSC群体。本研究共同支持了胃癌干细胞模型的理论，为针对CSCs的治疗策略开发提供了潜在靶点。

▲ Abstract：

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a self-renewing population capable of fueling long-term tumor growth. In gastric cancer, the identity of CSC populations remains unclear. In this study, we established a gastric CSC population marked by the water channel protein aquaporin-5 (AQP5), which resides in human and mouse pyloric tumors. Using multiple organoid and mouse models, we found a requirement for AQP5+ CSCs in both initiating and sustaining cancer progression and demonstrated that AQP5 expression also directly promotes tumor growth and invasion in a WNT, PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)–dependent manner. Beyond primary cancers, AQP5 further enriches for a functional CSC population in metastatic tumors. Together, our findings support a CSC model in gastric tumors that may have application for therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs.

A human pan-disease blood atlas of the circulating proteome

循环蛋白质组的人类泛疾病血液图谱

▲ 作者：María Bueno álvez, Sofia Bergstr?m et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx2678

▲摘要：

人类血液蛋白质组学通过评估数千种循环蛋白，为健康状况提供了整体性解读。研究者构建了一个泛疾病研究资源库，旨在通过整合的蛋白质组学数据集分析多种疾病表型。

通过对59种疾病及健康人群队列的蛋白质浓度进行分析，他们鉴定出与年龄、性别、体重指数相关的蛋白质，以及疾病特异性标志物。

该研究揭示了不同疾病间共享和特异的蛋白质表达模式，展示了统一蛋白质组学方法在揭示生物学机制方面的强大能力。该数据集涵盖8262名个体及多达5416种蛋白质，将作为在线资源库服务于推进疾病特异性蛋白谱探索和精准医学研究。

▲ Abstract：

The human blood proteome provides a holistic readout of health states through the assessment of thousands of circulating proteins. In this study, we present a pan-disease resource to enable the study of diverse disease phenotypes within a harmonized proteomics dataset. By profiling protein concentrations across 59 diseases and healthy cohorts, we identified proteins associated with age, sex, and body mass index, as well as disease-specific signatures. This study highlights shared and distinct protein patterns across conditions, demonstrating the power of a unified proteomics approach to uncover biological insights. The dataset, covering 8262 individuals and up to 5416 proteins, serves as an online resource for exploring disease-specific protein profiles and advancing precision medicine research. 

动物学Zoology

Ancient genomes illuminate the origins and dynamic history of East Asian cattle

古代基因组揭示东亚家牛的起源与动态历史

▲ 作者：Dawei Cai, Donghee Kim et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu9904

▲摘要：

东亚家牛在过去5000年间的驯化演化历史尚不明确。研究者通过对166头古代牛进行全基因组测序，揭示了中国牛群遗传多样性的起源与演化历程。这些样本时间跨度达万年，涵盖了已灭绝的东亚原牛及主要考古文化遗址中的驯化牛。

东亚与北亚原牛虽与西方原牛存在显著差异，但东亚原牛携带约15%的西方血统。黄河地区最早的家牛约10%的基因来自当地原牛，且该遗传成分在全基因组中呈不均匀分布。新疆的早期牛群具有独特遗传特征，并对后续中国北方牛种形成有所贡献。瘤牛血统混合现象直至中世纪时期才在中国北方广泛出现。

▲ Abstract：

The evolutionary history of domesticated cattle in East Asia for the past 5000 years remains largely obscure. Here, we investigated the origins and evolution of cattle genetic diversity in China by analyzing shotgun genome sequences of 166 ancient bovines spanning a 10,000-year period and encompassing now-extinct East Asian aurochs and domesticated cattle from key archaeological cultures. East and North Asian aurochs were distinct from western aurochs, although East Asian aurochs harbored approximately 15% western ancestry. The first domesticated cattle in the Yellow River region derived approximately 10% of their ancestry from local aurochs with an uneven genome-wide distribution. Early cattle from Xinjiang were genetically distinct and partially contributed to the later northern Chinese cattle. Indicine admixture became widespread only in the Medieval period in northern China. 

植物学Plant Science

Xanthomonas coordinates type III–type II effector synergy by activating fruit-ripening pathway

黄单胞菌通过激活果实成熟途径，协调III型与II型效应蛋白协同作用

▲ 作者：Trang Thi-Thu Phan, Rodrigo Silva Araujo Streit et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz9239

▲摘要：

植物细胞壁蕴含丰富的碳水化合物储备，然而病原体如何利用这些资源尚不明确。

研究者发现，柑橘溃疡病菌（Xcc）通过III型效应蛋白PthA4劫持果实成熟途径，激活成熟调控因子CsLOB1，从而动员细胞壁糖类。CsLOB1诱导约100个基因表达，其中许多编码参与细胞壁降解的酶。在非结果物种本氏烟草中，CsLOB1同样能促进黄单胞菌生长，表明其功能并非严格依赖果实成熟程序。

转录组学及报告基因实验显示，PthA4依赖性地激活了Xcc的木聚糖CUT系统——该过程由宿主来源的木糖触发，并涉及一种II型分泌的木聚糖酶。因此，PthA4驱动的细胞壁重塑激活了细菌对木聚糖的利用，建立起一个III型-Ⅱ型效应蛋白的正反馈循环，从而驱动Xcc的增殖。

▲ Abstract：

Plant cell walls harbor vast carbohydrate reserves, yet how pathogens unlock them remains unclear. We show that the citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) mobilizes cell wall sugars by hijacking a fruit-ripening program through the type III effector PthA4, which activates the ripening coordinator CsLOB1. CsLOB1 induces approximately 100 genes, many encoding enzymes involved in cell wall breakdown. In the nonfruiting species Nicotiana benthamiana, CsLOB1 likewise promotes Xanthomonas growth, showing that its activity is not strictly dependent on a ripening program. Transcriptomics and reporter assays revealed PthA4-dependent activation of the Xcc xylan CUT system, triggered by host-derived xylose and including a type II–secreted xylanase. Thus, PthA4-driven cell wall remodeling activates bacterial xylan use, establishing a TIII–TII effector feedforward loop that fuels Xcc proliferation.