编译|冯维维

Nature, 18 December 2025,Volume 648,Issue 8094

《自然》2025年12月18日，第648卷，8094期

行星科学

Planetary  Science

Experiments reveal extreme water generation during planet formation

实验揭示行星形成过程中产生大量水

▲ 作者：F. Miozzi, A. Shahar, E. D. Young, J. Wang, A. Steele, S. Borensztajn, S. M. Vitale, E. S. Bullock, N. Wehr & J. Badro 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09816-z

▲摘要：

在银河系中发现的最常见的行星类型，在太阳系中没有对应体。这类行星被认为由岩石内核和覆盖其上的以H2为主的厚外层包层构成。模型预测表明，大气中的氢与下方的岩浆海发生反应，可以产生大量的水。然而，由于目前缺乏高压高温下氢与硅酸盐熔体之间反应的实验数据，这些模型存在不足。

研究者介绍了研究这种相互作用的新实验结果。他们在16 GPa至60 GPa的压力和4000 K以上的温度下，进行了激光加热金刚石压砧实验，发现大量氢溶解到硅酸盐熔体中，且溶解度主要依赖于温度而非压力。同时，氧化铁的还原作用除了形成富铁熔体外，还会产生显著数量的水。

研究结果表明，典型的行星形成过程将产生大量的水，这对行星内部及大气的化学和结构都有重要影响。

▲ Abstract：

The most abundant type of planet discovered in the Galaxy has no analogue in our Solar System and is believed to consist of a rocky interior with an overlying thick H2-dominated envelope. Models have predicted that the reaction between the atmospheric hydrogen and the underlying magma ocean can lead to the production of notable amounts of water. However, the models suffer from the current lack of experimental data on the reaction between hydrogen and silicate melt at high pressures and temperatures. Here we present new experimental results designed to investigate this interaction. Laser heating diamond anvil cell experiments were conducted between 16 GPa and 60 GPa at temperatures above 4,000 K. We find that copious amounts of hydrogen dissolve into the silicate melt with a large dependence on temperature rather than pressure. We also find that the reduction of iron oxide leads to the production of marked amounts of water along with the formation of iron-enriched blebs. Altogether, the results indicate that the typical processes attending planet formation will result in substantial water production with repercussions for the chemistry and structure of the planetary interior as well as the atmosphere.

Titan’s strong tidal dissipation precludes a subsurface ocean

土卫六强烈潮汐耗散排除了存在地下海洋的可能性

▲ 作者：Flavio Petricca, Steven D. Vance, Marzia Parisi, Dustin Buccino, Gael Cascioli, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Brynna G. Downey, Francis Nimmo, Gabriel Tobie, Baptiste Journaux, Andrea Magnanini, Ula Jones, Mark Panning, Amirhossein Bagheri, Antonio Genova & Jonathan I. Lunine 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09818-x

▲摘要：

卡西尼号任务为人们提供了关于土星最大卫星——土卫六——从其大气到深层内部的空前洞察。先前观测到该卫星对土星引潮力的强烈响应，被解读为其存在地下海洋的证据。这一响应值是卡西尼号任务前研究预测值的两倍，一直未能得到完全解释。

研究显示，土卫六重力场中的潮汐耗散特征与存在海洋的推论不符。研究者的结论源于通过改进技术重新分析卡西尼号获取的无线电测量数据，并检测到了这一特征。他们发现其内部正发生显著的耗散，这与近期对土卫六自转状态的研究一致。由于液态层的存在会减少其下方产生的潮汐耗散，这些新的测量结果排除了土卫六存在地下海洋的可能性，并可以用一个耗散集中在其熔点附近的高压冰层模型来解释。

该模型也再现了观测到的土卫六自转状态和静态重力场，从而调和了所有可用的地球物理测量数据。有效的冰壳对流可以阻止大范围融化和海洋的形成，但泥泞状的高压冰层符合预期，表明其中可能蕴含液态水囊。即将前往土卫六的蜻蜓号任务，将为验证是否存在地下海洋提供进一步的测试。

▲ Abstract：

The Cassini mission provided unprecedented insights into Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, from its atmosphere to the deep interior1. The moon’s large measured response to the tides exerted by Saturn was interpreted as evidence of the existence of a subsurface ocean2,3. This response, twice the value predicted in pre-Cassini studies, has escaped complete explanation. Here we show that the signature of tidal dissipation in Titan’s gravity field is not consistent with the presence of an ocean. Our results arise from the detection of this signature through a reanalysis of the radiometric data acquired by Cassini with improved techniques. We found that substantial energy is being dissipated in the interior (approximately 3–4TW, corresponding to a tidal quality factor Q≈5), consistent with recent studies of Titan’s rotational state4. Because the presence of a liquid layer reduces the tidal dissipation generated below it5, these new measurements preclude the existence of a subsurface ocean on Titan and are explained by a model in which dissipation is concentrated in a high-pressure ice layer close to its melting point. This model also reproduces Titan’s observed rotational state and static gravity field self-consistently, reconciling all available geophysical measurements. Efficient ice shell convection can prevent widespread melting and ocean formation, but a slushy high-pressure ice layer is consistent with expectations6, indicating that it probably hosts liquid water pockets. The forthcoming Dragonfly mission to Titan will provide a further test of whether a subsurface ocean exists.

物理学

Physics

An 11-qubit atom processor in silicon

硅中的11量子比特原子处理器

▲ 作者：Hermann Edlbauer, Junliang Wang, A. M. Saffat-Ee Huq, Ian Thorvaldson, Michael T. Jones, Saiful Haque Misha, William J. Pappas, Christian M. Moehle, Yu-Ling Hsueh, Henric Bornemann, Samuel K. Gorman, Yousun Chung, Joris G. Keizer, Ludwik Kranz & Michelle Y. Simmons 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09827-w

▲摘要：

硅中的磷原子是量子计算中一个极具前景的平台。因为它们的核自旋具有长达数秒的相干时间，并且能够实现高保真度的读取和单量子比特操控。通过将多个磷原子置于几纳米半径范围内，它们会通过超精细相互作用耦合到一个共享电子上。这种核自旋寄存器可以实现高保真度的多量子比特操控和小规模量子算法的执行。

实现规模扩展的一个重要要求是能够在多个自旋寄存器之间非局域地扩展高保真度纠缠。研究者通过一个由两个多核自旋寄存器组成的11量子比特原子处理器应对这一挑战。这两个寄存器通过电子交换相互作用连接。通过改进校准和控制协议，他们实现的单量子比特和多量子比特门保真度均在99.10%到99.99%之间。

通过纠缠所有局域和非局域的核自旋对组合，他们绘制了处理器的性能图谱，并实现了最高达99.5%的领先水平的贝尔态保真度。接着，他们生成了量子比特数递增的格林伯格-霍恩-泽林格（GHZ）态，并展示了最多八个核自旋的纠缠。通过在互连的核自旋寄存器之间建立高保真度操作，研究者实现了利用原子处理器迈向容错量子计算的关键里程碑。

▲ Abstract：

Phosphorus atoms in silicon represent a promising platform for quantum computing, as their nuclear spins exhibit coherence times over seconds1,2 with high-fidelity readout and single-qubit control3. By placing several phosphorus atoms within a radius of a few nanometres, they couple by means of the hyperfine interaction to a single, shared electron. Such a nuclear spin register enables high-fidelity multi-qubit control4 and the execution of small-scale quantum algorithms5. An important requirement for scaling up is the ability to extend high-fidelity entanglement non-locally across several spin registers. Here we address this challenge with an 11-qubit atom processor composed of two multi-nuclear spin registers that are linked by means of electron exchange interaction. Through the advancement of calibration and control protocols, we achieve single-qubit and multi-qubit gates with all fidelities ranging from 99.10% to 99.99%. By entangling all combinations of local and non-local nuclear-spin pairs, we map out the performance of the processor and achieve state-of-the-art Bell-state fidelities of up to 99.5%. We then generate Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states with an increasing number of qubits and show entanglement of up to eight nuclear spins. By establishing high-fidelity operation across interconnected nuclear spin registers, we realize a key milestone towards fault-tolerant quantum computation with atom processors.

Laser spectroscopy and CP-violation sensitivity of actinium monofluoride

激光光谱学与氟化锕分子的联合变换破坏敏感性

▲ 作者：M. Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis, M. Au, A. Kyuberis, C. Zülch, K. Gaul, H. Wibowo, L. Skripnikov, L. Lalanne, J. R. Reilly, á. Koszorús, S. Bara, J. Ballof, R. Berger, C. Bernerd, A. Borschevsky, A. A. Breier, K. Chrysalidis, T. E. Cocolios, R. P. de Groote, A. Dorne, J. Dobaczewski, C. M. Fajardo Zambrano, K. T. Flanagan, S. Franchoo, …X. F. Yang Show authors

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09814-1

▲摘要：

强核力在电荷共轭与宇称联合变换（CP）下的明显不变性，仍是现代物理学中一个悬而未决的问题。利用重原子和分子进行的精密实验，可通过寻找轻子、强子和核子中永久电偶极矩及其他CP奇异性效应，为CP破坏提供严格的约束条件。

放射性分子已被提议作为此类研究的高灵敏探针，但迄今为止，对大多数此类分子的实验在技术上仍难以实现。研究者报告了气相锕系分子227AcF的制备与光谱研究。他们观测到了理论预测的、来自基态的最强电子跃迁，这对于在对称性破坏相互作用研究中实现高效信号读取至关重要。

此外，他们计算了227AcF的电子与核结构，以确定其对各种CP破坏参数的敏感性，发现一项精度达到1毫赫的现实、近期的实验，可将目前对CP破坏参数空间的约束提高3个数量级。研究结果凸显了227AcF在极灵敏探索CP破坏方面的潜力。

▲ Abstract：

The apparent invariance of the strong nuclear force under combined charge conjugation and parity (CP) remains an open question in modern physics1,2. Precision experiments with heavy atoms and molecules can provide stringent constraints on CP violation via searches for effects due to permanent electric dipole moments and other CP-odd properties in leptons, hadrons and nuclei3. Radioactive molecules have been proposed as highly sensitive probes for such searches4, but experiments with most such molecules have so far been beyond technical reach. Here we report the production and spectroscopic study of a gas-phase actinium molecule, 227AcF. We observe the predicted strongest electronic transition from the ground state, which is necessary for efficient readout in searches of symmetry-violating interactions. Furthermore, we perform electronic- and nuclear-structure calculations for 227AcF to determine its sensitivity to various CP-violating parameters, and find that a realistic, near-term experiment with a precision of 1 mHz would improve current constraints on the CP-violating parameter hyperspace by 3 orders of magnitude. Our results thus highlight the potential of 227AcF for exceptionally sensitive searches of CP violation.

生命科学

Life Science

Evidence for improved DNA repair in the long-lived bowhead whale

长寿弓头鲸DNA修复能力增强的证据

▲ 作者：Denis Firsanov, Max Zacher, Xiao Tian, Todd L. Sformo, Yang Zhao, Gregory Tombline, J. Yuyang Lu, Zhizhong Zheng, Luigi Perelli, Enrico Gurreri, Li Zhang, Jing Guo, Anatoly Korotkov, Valentin Volobaev, Seyed Ali Biashad, Zhihui Zhang, Johanna Heid, Alexander Y. Maslov, Shixiang Sun, Zhuoer Wu, Jonathan Gigas, Eric C. Hillpot, John C. Martinez, Minseon Lee, …Vera Gorbunova Show authors

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09694-5#Sec68

▲摘要：

弓头鲸的最长寿命超过200年，超过了所有其他哺乳动物。弓头鲸同时也是地球上体型第二大的动物，体重超过80000公斤。尽管弓头鲸拥有数量极其庞大的细胞和超长的寿命，但它并不易患癌症，这种不一致的现象被称为佩托悖论。

为理解弓头鲸抗癌能力的机制，研究者检测了鲸鱼原代成纤维细胞恶性转化所需的致癌打击次数。出乎意料的是，弓头鲸成纤维细胞恶性转化所需的致癌打击次数少于人类成纤维细胞。然而，与其他哺乳动物的细胞相比，弓头鲸细胞表现出更强的DNA双链断裂修复能力和保真度，以及更低的突变率。

研究者发现冷诱导RNA结合蛋白CIRBP在弓头鲸成纤维细胞和组织中高度表达。弓头鲸的CIRBP能增强人类细胞的非同源末端连接和同源重组修复，减少微核形成，促进DNA末端保护，并在体外刺激末端连接。

在果蝇中过表达CIRBP能延长寿命并提高抗辐射能力。这些发现为以下假说提供了证据支持：弓头鲸并非依赖额外的肿瘤抑制基因来防止肿瘤发生，而是通过增强DNA修复来维持基因组完整性。这种不消除受损细胞而是忠实修复它们的策略，可能正是弓头鲸异常长寿和低癌症发病率的原因。

▲ Abstract：

At more than 200 years, the maximum lifespan of the bowhead whale exceeds that of all other mammals. The bowhead is also the second-largest animal on Earth1, reaching over 80,000 kg. Despite its very large number of cells and long lifespan, the bowhead is not highly cancer-prone, an incongruity termed Peto’s paradox2. Here, to understand the mechanisms that underlie the cancer resistance of the bowhead whale, we examined the number of oncogenic hits required for malignant transformation of whale primary fibroblasts. Unexpectedly, bowhead whale fibroblasts required fewer oncogenic hits to undergo malignant transformation than human fibroblasts. However, bowhead whale cells exhibited enhanced DNA double-strand break repair capacity and fidelity, and lower mutation rates than cells of other mammals. We found the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein CIRBP to be highly expressed in bowhead fibroblasts and tissues. Bowhead whale CIRBP enhanced both non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination repair in human cells, reduced micronuclei formation, promoted DNA end protection, and stimulated end joining in vitro. CIRBP overexpression in Drosophila extended lifespan and improved resistance to irradiation. These findings provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that, rather than relying on additional tumour suppressor genes to prevent oncogenesis3,4,5, the bowhead whale maintains genome integrity through enhanced DNA repair. This strategy, which does not eliminate damaged cells but faithfully repairs them, may be contributing to the exceptional longevity and low cancer incidence in the bowhead whale.

Multi-omic profiling reveals age-related immune dynamics in healthy adults

多组学分析揭示健康成年人体内与年龄相关的免疫动态

▲ 作者：Qiuyu Gong, Mehul Sharma, Marla C. Glass, Emma L. Kuan, Aishwarya Chander, Mansi Singh, Lucas T. Graybuck, Zachary J. Thomson, Christian M. LaFrance, Samir Rachid Zaim, Tao Peng, Lauren Y. Okada, Palak C. Genge, Katherine E. Henderson, Elisabeth M. Dornisch, Erik D. Layton, Peter J. Wittig, Alexander T. Heubeck, Nelson M. Mukuka, Julian Reading, Garrett Strawn, Teminijesu Titus-Adewunmi, Kathleen Abadie, Charles R. Roll, …Claire E. Gustafson Show authors

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09686-5

▲摘要：

免疫力的生成与维持是一个动态过程，依赖于年龄。为了更好理解这一进程，研究者利用单细胞RNA测序、蛋白质组学和流式细胞术对300多名健康成年人（25至90岁）的外周免疫系统进行了分析，并对其中96名成年人进行了为期两年的纵向跟踪研究，观察他们对季节性流感疫苗的免疫反应。

由此产生的资源生成了一个超过1600万个外周血单个核细胞的单细胞RNA测序数据集，涵盖了“人类免疫健康图谱”中的71个免疫细胞亚群，有助于探究免疫细胞组成和状态如何随年龄、慢性病毒感染和疫苗接种而变化。根据这些数据，研究者证明T细胞亚群会随年龄发生稳健的、非线性的转录重编程，这一过程并非由系统性炎症或慢性巨细胞病毒感染驱动。

这种与年龄相关的重编程导致记忆T细胞出现功能性辅助T细胞2（TH2）偏向，这与针对流感疫苗中高度加强抗原的B细胞反应失调有关。总之，这项研究揭示了在进入高龄之前发生的免疫衰老过程的独特特征，并为与年龄相关的免疫调控提供了新的靶点。

▲ Abstract：

The generation and maintenance of immunity is a dynamic process that is dependent on age. Here, to better understand its progression, we profiled peripheral immunity in more than 300 healthy adults (25 to 90 years of age) using single-cell RNA sequencing, proteomics and flow cytometry, following 96 adults longitudinally across 2 years with seasonal influenza vaccination. The resulting resource generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset of more than 16 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells with 71 immune cell subsets from our Human Immune Health Atlas and enabled us to interrogate how immune cell composition and states shift with age, chronic viral infection and vaccination. From these data, we demonstrate robust, non-linear transcriptional reprogramming in T cell subsets with age that is not driven by systemic inflammation or chronic cytomegalovirus infection. This age-related reprogramming led to a functional T helper 2 (TH2) cell bias in memory T cells that is linked to dysregulated B cell responses against highly boosted antigens in influenza vaccines. Collectively, this study reveals unique features of the immune ageing process that occur prior to advanced age and provides novel targets for age-related immune modulation.