编译|未玖

Science, 11 DEC 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6778

《科学》2025年12月11日，第390卷，6778期

物理学Physics

Shapiro steps in strongly-interacting Fermi gases

强相互作用费米气体中的夏皮罗阶跃

▲ 作者：GIULIA DEL PACE, DIEGO HERNáNDEZ-RAJKOV, VIJAY PAL SINGH, NICOLA GRANI, MARCIA FRóMETA FERNáNDEZ, GIULIO NESTI, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads8885

▲摘要：

受驱多体系统表现出多样化且复杂的动力学行为。

研究组报道了在超冷原子强相互作用费米超流体之间的周期性驱动约瑟夫森结中观察到的夏皮罗阶跃。在电流—电位特性中观测到的量子化平台的高度和宽度反映了外部驱动频率和结的非线性响应。电流—相位关系的直接测量表明，夏皮罗阶跃如何从两个超流库的相对相位和外部驱动之间的同步中产生。

研究组以涡旋—反涡旋对的形式探测周期性相位滑移过程，进一步支持了这种机制。该结果得到了电路模型和数值模拟的证实。该工作为研究外部驱动下量子多体系统的涌现非平衡动力学开辟了新前景。

▲ Abstract：

Driven many-body systems exhibit diverse and complex dynamical behaviors. Here, we report the observation of Shapiro steps in periodically driven Josephson junctions between strongly interacting Fermi superfluids of ultracold atoms. The height and the width of the observed quantized plateaus in the current-potential characteristics mirror the external drive frequency and the junction nonlinear response. Direct measurements of the current-phase relationship showcase how Shapiro steps arise from the synchronization between the relative phase of the two reservoirs and the external drive. Such a mechanism is further supported by the detection of periodic phase-slippage processes, in the form of vortex-antivortex pairs. Our results are corroborated by a circuital model and numerical simulations. Our work may open prospects for studying emergent nonequilibrium dynamics in quantum many-body systems under external drives.

Observation of Shapiro steps in an ultracold atomic Josephson junction

超冷原子约瑟夫森结中夏皮罗阶跃的观测

▲ 作者：ERIK BERNHART, MARVIN R?HRLE, VIJAY PAL SINGH, LUDWIG MATHEY, LUIGI AMICO AND HERWIG OTT

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads9061

▲摘要：

驱动超导约瑟夫森结的电流—电压特性显示离散阶跃。这种现象被称为夏皮罗阶跃，构成了今天的电压标准。

在这项工作中，研究组报道了在超冷原子气体中驱动约瑟夫森结中夏皮罗阶跃的观测结果。他们证明了这些阶跃具有普遍特征，并为在实验中直接观察到的微观耗散动力学提供了新见解。

研究组发现这些阶跃与声子发射和孤子激发成核直接相关，且在时空上遵循其动力学行为。实验结果得到了基于经典场动力学的广泛数值模拟的支持，并有望推动计量学和基础科学的进步。

▲ Abstract：

The current-voltage characteristic of a driven superconducting Josephson junction displays discrete steps. This phenomenon, called the Shapiro steps, forms today’s voltage standard. In this work, we report the observation of Shapiro steps in a driven Josephson junction in a gas of ultracold atoms. We demonstrate that the steps exhibit universal features and provide insight into the microscopic dissipative dynamics that we directly observe in the experiment. We find that the steps are directly connected to phonon emission and nucleation of solitonic excitations, whose dynamics we follow in space and time. The experimental results are underpinned by extensive numerical simulations based on classical-field dynamics and may enable metrological and fundamental advances.

材料科学Materials Science

Mesoporous optically clear heat insulators for sustainable building envelopes

用于可持续建筑外墙的介孔光学透明隔热材料

▲ 作者：AMIT BHARDWAJ, BLAISE FLEURY, BOHDAN SENYUK, ELDHO ABRAHAM, JAN BART TEN HOVE, TAEWOO LEE, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx5568

▲摘要：

介孔材料具有高度可控的纳米级结构，通常由表面活性剂的液晶组件模板化，具有新兴且通常可设计的物理性质。然而，将其制造规模扩展到适合建筑物外墙等用途颇具挑战性。

在这项工作中，研究组描述了由所有结构特征均小于50纳米的介孔管三维空间图制成的柔性平方米级薄膜和数厘米厚的板材制造。这种基于溶液的动力学制备工艺模板化了圆柱形表面活性剂胶束的生长网络，其中聚硅氧烷凝胶形成网络细管，在用空气取代表面活性剂和溶剂后，产生的轻质材料具有超过99%的可见光范围光学透明度和大约10毫瓦/开尔文/米的导热系数。

这种预先设计的超材料为墙体级隔热玻璃单元、平方米级窗户改造和非集中太阳能热能利用提供了透明热障。

▲ Abstract：

Mesoporous materials exhibit highly controlled nanoscale structures, often templated by liquid crystalline assemblies of surfactants, with emergent and often designable physical properties. However, scaling their fabrication to be suitable for uses such as envelopes of buildings is challenging. In this work, we describe fabrication of flexible square-meter-sized films and multicentimeter-thick slabs made of three-dimensional spatial graphs of mesopore tubes that have all structural features under 50 nanometers. A solution-based kinetic fabrication process templates growing networks of cylindrical surfactant micelles with thin tubes of polysiloxane-forming gel networks and, upon replacing surfactants and solvents with air, yields lightweight materials with greater than 99% visible-range optical transparency and approximately 10 milliwatts per kelvin per meter thermal conductivity. Such predesigned metamaterials enable transparent thermal barriers for wall-grade insulated glass units, square-meter window retrofits, and unconcentrated solar thermal energy harnessing.

植物学Botany

Infrared radiation is an ancient pollination signal

红外辐射是一种古老的传粉信号

▲ 作者：WENDY A. VALENCIA-MONTOYA, MARJORIE A. LIéNARD, NEIL ROSSER, MICHAEL CALONJE, SHAYLA SALZMAN, CHENG-CHIA TSAI, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz1728

▲摘要：

颜色和气味是众所周知的传粉者线索。一些植物也产生热量，但其作用尚不清楚。

研究组报道了植物产生的热红外辐射可作为传粉信号，并揭示了热量产生和红外探测的潜在机制。通过线粒体适应性调整，植物以昼夜节律模式加热生殖结构，辐射出足以吸引甲虫传粉者的红外线。甲虫触角含有红外激活的神经元，其热敏离子通道的结构经过调整以匹配宿主植物的产热机制。

对比分析表明，红外信号是最早的传粉信号之一，并表明开花植物从以红外为基础的信号向以颜色为主的信号发生了深远演化转变。该发现揭示了一种古老的感官模态，它塑造了传粉这一联系全球植物和动物最重要过程的早期演化。

▲ Abstract：

Color and scent are well-known pollinator cues. Some plants also produce heat, but its role remains unclear. Here, we report that plant-generated thermal infrared radiation serves as a pollination signal and describe the underlying mechanisms of heat production and infrared detection. Mitochondrial adaptations heat plant reproductive structures in a circadian pattern, radiating infrared that is sufficient to attract beetle pollinators. Beetle antennae contain infrared-activated neurons with thermosensitive ion channels that are structurally tuned to match host plant thermogenesis. Comparative analyses revealed that infrared is among the earliest pollination signals, and indicate a deep-time transition from infrared-based to color-dominated signaling in flowering plants. Our findings uncover an ancient sensory modality shaping the early evolution of pollination, one of the world’s most vital processes linking plants and animals.

地球科学Earth Science

Substantial water retained early in Earth’s deep mantle

地球深地幔早期保留了大量水源

▲ 作者：WENHUA LU, YA-NAN YANG, TAO LONG, HAIYANG XIAN, YUAN LI AND ZHIXUE DU

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx5883

▲摘要：

地球上的水很可能在早期形成，当时的地球由于巨大撞击而广泛熔化。这些早期的水源如何在结晶地幔中保留和分布，目前尚不明确。

研究组通过系统性高压实验，研究了水在布里奇曼石（最早结晶的原生地幔矿物）和共存熔体之间的分配。研究结果表明，温度升高会大大增强水向布里奇曼石的分配。因此，相当数量的水可能在结晶后被保留在下地幔中。

这种早期储存在地球内部的水的循环可能调节了地幔动力学，并影响了早期地球向宜居状态的演化。

▲ Abstract：

Earth’s water was likely acquired early, when our planet was extensively molten because of large to giant impacts. How such early water was retained and distributed within a crystallizing mantle remains unclear. In this study, we investigated partitioning of water between bridgmanite, the first and primary mantle mineral to crystallize, and coexisting melt through systematic high-pressure experiments. Our results demonstrate that partitioning of water into bridgmanite is strongly enhanced by increasing temperature. Thus, appreciable amounts of water may have been retained in the lower mantle after its crystallization. Circulation of such early stored water in Earth’s interior could have modulated mantle dynamics and influenced the transition of early Earth to a habitable planet.

Global energy sector methane emissions estimated by using facility-level satellite observations

利用设施级卫星观测估计全球能源部门的甲烷排放量

▲ 作者：IANLUCA PETRIS, SIMONA GRAZIOLI, LINDA VAN BIJSTERVELDT, PIERRE MURAT, KIM C. LIU, JAKOB BIRNBAUM, JULIAN E. SALE, AND JASON W. CHIN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv3183

▲摘要：

能源部门设施（石油、天然气和煤炭）的甲烷排放在温室气体总排放中占比较大，具有巨大的减排潜力。

研究组利用高空间分辨率GHGSat卫星星座估算了2023年全球能源部门点源的甲烷排放量。GHGSat检测到3114个排放点每年甲烷排放量为830±24万吨。探测到的油气排放点和煤炭排放点分别有16%和48%的时间超出了GHGSat的检测限，且各大陆区域无明显差异。

与全球燃料开采清单（GFEIv3）估算值相比，GHGSat估算值占GFEIv3总排放量的12%，而GHGSat实际观测点占24%，在国家尺度上具有良好的空间相关性，但在0.2°-×-0.2°网格尺度上空间相关性较弱。

▲ Abstract：

Methane emissions from energy sector facilities (oil, gas, and coal) represent a substantial contribution to greenhouse gas emissions with substantial mitigation potential. We estimated global 2023 methane emissions from energy sector point sources using the high spatial resolution GHGSat satellite constellation. GHGSat detected 8.30 ± 0.24 million tonnes per year of methane emissions from 3114 emission sites. Detected oil and gas– and coal-emitting sites were found to be emitting 16 and 48% of the time, respectively, above GHGSat’s detection limit without obvious continental variation. Compared with the Global Fuel Exploitation Inventory (GFEIv3) estimate, GHGSat’s estimate comprises 12% of GFEIv3′s total emissions, or 24% over GHGsat-observed locations, with good spatial correlation at the country scale but only weak spatial correlation at 0.2°-×-0.2° grid cell scale.