编译｜冯维维

Science,  11 Sep. 2025,Volume 389, Issue 6765 

《科学》2025年9月11日，第389卷，6765期

物理学Physics

Directly observing replica symmetry breaking in a vector quantum-optical spin glass

直接观测矢量量子光学自旋玻璃中的复本对称破缺

▲ 作者：RONEN M. KROEZE, BRENDAN P. MARSH, DAVID ATRI SCHULLER, HENRY S. HUNT, ALEXANDER N. BOURZUTSCHKY, MICHAEL WINER, SARANG GOPALAKRISHNAN, JONATHAN KEELING , AND BENJAMIN L. LEV 

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu7710

▲摘要：自旋玻璃是复杂物质的典型代表。尽管其有序性尚未得到完整的理论阐释，但自旋玻璃的抽象模型为其他领域的问题（如组合优化和人工智能）提供了理论基础——它们构成了神经网络计算的数学根基。

研究者展示了实现一种独特的驱动耗散型矢量自旋玻璃的能力。通过对其玻璃态自旋进行微观可视化，该技术使我们能够直接测量复本对称破缺及其产生的超度量等级结构。超度量性已知在进化模型、蛋白质折叠和气候变化研究中涌现；研究表明它可在物理实现的系统中被直接观测到。

▲ Abstract：Spin glasses are quintessential examples of complex matter. Although their ordering lacks complete theoretical understanding, abstract models of spin glasses inform problems in other fields, such as combinatorial optimization and artificial intelligence—where they form a mathematical basis for neural network computing. We demonstrate the ability to realize a spin glass of a distinct driven-dissipative and vector form. By microscopically visualizing its glassy spin states, the technique allows us to directly measure replica symmetry breaking and the resulting ultrametric hierarchical structure. Ultrametricity is known to be emergent in models of evolution, protein folding, and climate change; this work shows it to be directly observable in a physically realized system.

Drop-printing with dynamic stress release for conformal wrap of bioelectronic interfaces

滴涂印刷技术用于生物电子界面的共形包裹

▲ 作者：AN LI, WENJIANLONG ZHOU, HUIZENG LI, WEI FANG, YIFEI LUO, ZHENG LI, QINGRONG ZHANG, QUAN LIU, QIN XU, AND YANLIN SONG, etc. 

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw6854

▲摘要：生物电子界面在健康监测、医疗治疗及增强现实领域展现出广阔的应用前景。然而，将这类薄膜器件共形包裹到三维表面上时，往往会因应力作用导致器件损坏。研究提出一种“滴涂印刷”策略，利用液滴实现薄膜的无损伤转移。液滴在薄膜与目标表面之间充当润滑层，在薄膜进行形状自适应变形的过程中助力其局部滑动。

该机制可有效避免薄膜在面内发生拉伸，并降低应力集中现象。即便是非可拉伸、易破损的薄膜，也能完好且精准地包裹到精密表面上，例如微米级微生物和光纤表面。厚度仅为2微米的硅薄膜，无需任何可拉伸性设计，通过在神经和脑组织表面进行滴涂印刷，即可形成共形神经电子界面。该界面能够实现光控在体神经调控，且具备高时空分辨率。

▲ Abstract：Bioelectronic interfaces demonstrate promising applications in health monitoring, medical treatment, and augmented reality. However, conformally wrapping these film devices onto three-dimensional surfaces often leads to stress-induced damage. We propose a “drop-printing” strategy that enables damage-free film transfer using a droplet. The droplet acts as a lubricating layer between the film and the target surface, facilitating local sliding during shape-adaptive deformation. This mechanism prevents in-plane film stretching and reduces stress concentration. Even nonstretchable and fragile films can be intactly and accurately wrapped onto delicate surfaces, such as microscale microorganisms and optical fibers. Two-micrometer-thick silicon films, without any stretchable engineering, can form conformal neural-electronic interfaces by being drop-printed on nerves and brain tissue. The interfaces achieve light-controlled in vivo neuromodulation with high spatiotemporal resolution.

生态学Ecology

Genomic signatures indicate biodiversity loss in an endemic island ant fauna

基因组特征揭示岛屿特有蚂蚁区系的生物多样性丧失

▲ 作者：CONG LIU, ELI SARNAT, JO ANN TAN, JULIA JANICKI, JOHN DEYRUP, MASAKO OGASAWARA, MIQUEL L. GRAU, LIJUN QIU, FRANCISCO HITA GARCIA, AND EVAN P. ECONOMO, etc.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads3004

▲摘要：全球昆虫种群数量持续下降，但其下降程度和驱动因素仍存争议。多数研究依赖于上世纪开展的实地调查，导致我们对长期趋势的理解存在空白。通过采用“群落基因组学”方法，研究者重建了斐济群岛蚂蚁物种数百万年来的群落组装过程，并分析了其近期的种群动态趋势。

研究发现，79%的特有物种种群数量持续下降，这种下降始于约3000年前人类抵达该地区，并在过去300年间持续加速；而近期迁入的物种则呈现扩张态势。特有物种种群衰退的主要关联因素是对栖息地干扰的敏感性。研究证明了当代标本采集对于评估长期群落趋势的价值，凸显了岛屿特有物种对人为变化的脆弱性。

▲ Abstract：Insect populations have declined worldwide, but the extent and drivers of these declines are debated. Most studies rely on field surveys performed in the past century, leaving gaps in our understanding of longer-term trends. Using a “community genomics” approach, we estimated community assembly over millions of years and more recent demographic trends of ant species in the Fijian archipelago. We found that 79% of endemic species are in decline, starting after the arrival of humans approximately 3000 years ago and accelerating in the past 300 years, whereas recent arrivals are expanding. The primary correlate of population decline among endemic species was found to be sensitivity to habitat disturbance. This study demonstrates the value of contemporary collections for estimating long-term community trends and highlights the vulnerability of endemic island species to anthropogenic change.

Fire heat affects the impacts of wildfires on air pollution in the United States

火灾热量对美国野火空气污染影响的作用机制

▲ 作者：QIHAN MA, LINYI WEI, YONG WANG, GUANG J. ZHANG, XINLIN ZHOU, AND BIN WANG

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads1957

▲ 摘要：传统观点认为，美国西部的野火会因气溶胶排放及向东传输，导致全美空气质量下降。然而，研究发现，野火产生的热量（一种常被忽视的影响因素）在火灾季可降低美国东部的细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度，其降低幅度与美国西部PM2.5的升高幅度相当。

这一现象源于美国西部由火灾热量引发的对流运动，以及由此导致的远离火灾区域的下游气象条件变化。火灾气溶胶的湿沉降增强且向东传输减弱，共同降低了美国东部的PM_2.5水平。因此，若忽视火灾热量对PM_2.5污染的影响，将导致额外1200例过早死亡案例及33亿美元经济损失的高估，这一高估效应在人口密集的美国东部尤为显著。

▲ Abstract：Conventional wisdom suggests that wildfires in the western United States (WUS) degrade air quality nationwide as a result of aerosol emissions and eastward transport. However, we found that heat produced by wildfires, a commonly neglected effect, can reduce fine particle concentrations (PM_2.5)in the eastern United States (EUS) by an amount comparable to the increases in the WUS during the fire season. This phenomenon arises from fire heat–induced convection in the WUS and subsequent downstream meteorological changes distant from fires. Enhanced wet deposition and weakened eastward transport of fire aerosols lower PM_2.5 levels in the EUS. Therefore, neglecting the effect of fire heat on PM_2.5 pollution leads to an overestimate of 1200 additional premature deaths and 3.3 billion USD in economic losses, particularly in the densely populated EUS.

有机化学和生物化学

Organic Chemistry & BioChemistry

A main-group metal carbonyl complex: Structure and isomerization to a carbene-stabilized tin atomighl

结构及其向卡宾稳定锡原子的异构化

▲ 作者：MAXIMILIAN DIETZ, ANDREY V. PROTCHENKO, AGAMEMNON E. CRUMPTON, SURENDAR KARWASARA, MATTHEW M. D. ROY, JAMES STEWART-MORENO, CHRISTIANE TIMMEL, AND SIMON ALDRIDGE

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady0247

▲ 摘要：与过渡金属元素不同，s区和p区金属化合物在近环境条件下配位一氧化碳（CO）的实例极为罕见。研究者报道了一种可分离的、结晶态的主族金属羰基配合物及其向卡宾稳定金属原子的异构化过程。

亚锡烯（Boryl）₂Sn可逆配位CO，在低于0℃时形成一种可分离的加合物，并通过X射线晶体学对其进行了表征。该配合物在温度高于0℃时发生重排，生成锡乙烯基亚卡宾，即一种由三重态卡宾（Boryl）（OBoryl）C与处于电子基态的单原子Sn（0）形成的配合物。

▲ Abstract：In contrast to transition elements, s- and p-block metal compounds that coordinate carbon monoxide (CO) under near-ambient conditions are elusive. Here, we report an isolable, crystalline main-group metal carbonyl complex and its isomerization to a carbene-stabilized metal atom. The stannylene (Boryl)₂Sn [where Boryl is B(NDippCH)₂] coordinates CO reversibly, affording an isolable adduct below 0°C, which was characterized by x-ray crystallography. This complex rearranges at temperatures above 0°C to generate the stannavinylidene, (Boryl)(OBoryl)C=Sn, that is, a complex between the triplet carbene (Boryl)(OBoryl)C and monatomic Sn(0) in its electronic ground state.

Dual-cycle CO₂ fixation enhances growth and lipid synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana双循环二氧化碳固定提升拟南芥生长及脂质合成效率

▲ 作者：KUAN-JEN LU, CHIA-WEI HSU, WANN-NENG JANE, MIEN-HAO PENG, YA-WEN CHOU, PIN-HSUAN HUANG, KUO-CHEN YEH, SHU-HSING WU, AND JAMES C. LIAO 

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp3528

▲ 摘要：植物利用卡尔文-本森-巴沙姆循环将二氧化碳转化为有机碳化合物，作为生长所需的燃料和结构材料。然而，这种生产力受到初级碳固定酶Rubisco相对低效的限制。

将丙二酰辅酶A甘油酸（McG）循环这一额外代谢途径引入拟南芥。这些植物将Rubisco活性的次级产物转化为乙酰辅酶A，随后可进入内源脂质合成途径。携带McG循环的植物表现出脂质含量、种子产量和整体生物量的提升。该研究为在不直接改变Rubisco性能的前提下增强碳固定和植物生长提供了概念验证。

▲ Abstract：Plants use the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds, which they use as fuel and construction materials during growth. However, this productivity is limited by the relative inefficiency of the primary carbon fixation enzyme Rubisco. Lu et al. introduced an additional metabolic pathway, the malyl-CoA glycerate (McG) cycle, into Arabidopsis thaliana. These plants convert a secondary product of Rubisco activity into acetyl coenzyme A, which can then feed into endogenous lipid synthesis pathways. Plants with the McG cycle had increased lipids, seed yield, and overall biomass. This work provides a proof of concept for enhancing carbon fixation and plant growth without the need to directly alter Rubisco performance.