编译 | 李言

Nature, 28 August 2025, Volume 644 Issue 8078

《自然》2025年8月28日，第644卷，8078期

  ?

材料科学Material Sciences

Efficient perovskite/silicon tandem with asymmetric self-assembly molecule

采用非对称自组装分子的高效钙钛矿/硅叠层电池

▲ 作者：Lingbo Jia, Simeng Xia et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09333-z

▲摘要：

研究人员设计了一种非对称自组装单分子层HTL201，其结构特征为在咔唑核苯环侧分别引入间隔基团和膦酸锚定基团，作为钙钛矿/硅叠层太阳能电池的空穴传输层。

与具有氮键合膦酸基团的对称自组装单分子层相比，HTL201分子展现出更小的空间位阻效应，并在透明导电氧化物复合层上实现了更完整的覆盖。HTL201与钙钛矿薄膜之间的强配位作用有效降低了埋底界面的非辐射复合损失。

值得注意的是，通过优化钙钛矿与HTL201之间的能级排列，配合钙钛矿层准费米能级分裂值的提升，实现了钙钛矿/硅叠层太阳能电池接近2伏的突破性电压，基于硅异质结电池的认证功率转换效率达到34.58%。

▲ Abstract：

Here we design an asymmetric self-assembled monolayer (named as HTL201) featuring an anchoring group and a spacer flanking a carbazole core, serving as a hole-selective layer for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. When compared with symmetric self-assembled monolayers with a nitrogen-bonded phosphonic acid group, the HTL201 molecule shows minimized steric hindrance and improved coverage on the transparent conductive oxide recombination layer. The strong coordination interaction between HTL201 and the perovskite film effectively reduces non-radiative recombination at the buried interface. Notably, the optimized energy-level alignment between the perovskite and HTL201, accompanied by an increase in the quasi-Fermi-level splitting value of the perovskite layer, enables an impressive voltage of nearly 2?V for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, resulting in a certified power conversion efficiency of up to 34.58% based on a silicon heterojunction solar cell.

物理学Physics

Optical control of resonances in temporally symmetry-broken metasurfaces

光学控制的时间对称破缺超表面共振特性

▲ 作者：Andreas Aigner, Thomas Possmayer et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09363-7

▲摘要：

研究人员通过超快光学泵浦实现了超表面的时间对称性破缺，为辐射损耗驱动的共振调控提供了实验验证，成功实现了共振产生、湮灭、展宽与锐化。为实现这种时间调控，研究引入了恢复的对称保护约束状态。尽管它们的单位晶胞具有几何不对称性，但通过两个强度相等的反对称偶极子，仍能完全抑制辐射连续域的耦合。通过在这些单位晶胞的特定区域实施选择性米氏共振泵浦，研究人员成功调控了偶极子平衡态，实现了共振的创建与湮灭，并能精确调节谱线宽度、振幅及近场增强效应。这一突破为光学与量子通信、时间晶体及光子电路等领域带来了潜在应用前景。

▲ Abstract：

Here we demonstrate temporal symmetry breaking in metasurfaces through ultrafast optical pumping, providing an experimental realization of radiative-loss-driven resonance tuning, allowing resonance creation, annihilation, broadening and sharpening. To enable this temporal control, we introduce restored symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum. Even though their unit cells are geometrically asymmetric, coupling to the radiation continuum remains fully suppressed, which, in this work, is achieved by two equally strong antisymmetric dipoles. By using selective Mie-resonant pumping in parts of these unit cells, we can modify their dipole balance to create or annihilate resonances as well as tune the linewidth, amplitude and near-field enhancement, leading to potential applications in optical and quantum communications, time crystals and photonic circuits.

生物学Biology

Nutrients activate distinct patterns of small-intestinal enteric neurons

营养物质激活小肠神经元的不同模式

▲ 作者：Candice Fung, Tom Venneman et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09228-z

▲摘要：

研究人员使用钙成像技术，成功识别出小鼠空肠腔内营养物质激活的不同肠神经通路。值得注意的是，研究发现不同营养物质会激活具有特定神经化学特征的肌肠和粘膜下神经元集合。此外，研究发现肠神经元并非直接感应营养物质，而是主要通过血清素信号通路经由上皮细胞检测不同的腔内化学物质。最后，研究数据揭示了腔内信息沿肠道径向轴的空间分布规律：某些源自绒毛上皮的信号会先传递至肌肠丛，随后反向传输至更靠近管腔的粘膜下丛。

▲ Abstract：

Here we use calcium imaging to identify specific enteric pathways that are activated in response to luminal nutrients applied to mouse jejunum. Notably, we show that different nutrients activate neurochemically defined ensembles of myenteric and submucosal neurons. Furthermore, we find that enteric neurons are not directly sensitive to nutrients but detect different luminal chemicals through the epithelium, mainly via a serotonin signalling pathway. Finally, our data reveal a spatial distribution of luminal information along the radial axis of the intestine, whereby some signals that originate from the villus epithelium are transmitted first to the myenteric plexus, and then back to the submucosal plexus, which is closer to the lumen.

A diverse and distinct microbiome inside living trees

活体树木中多样且独特的微生物群

▲ 作者：Wyatt Arnold, Jonathan Gewirtzman et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09316-0

▲摘要：

研究揭示了栖息在树木内部且进化适应其环境的微生物群，并且进一步识别出不同的微生物种类，揭示了树木是生物多样性的避风港，以及树木健康和森林生态功能中的潜在关键角色。

研究发现单棵树木的木质组织中蕴藏着约一万亿个细菌，其微生物群落明显区分为心材与边材两大生态位——两者维持着独特的微生物组系，且与其他植物组织或环境微生物的相似性极低。

心材微生物组尤为特殊，其特征是富含驱动重要生物地球化学过程的特化古菌和厌氧细菌。研究结果支持了植物作为'整体生物'（holobionts）的概念，即宿主与相关微生物共同构成的整合生态单元，这对理解树木健康、病害及功能实现具有重要意义。

通过系统解析树木内部微生物组的组成、结构与功能，本研究为树木生理学和森林生态学研究开辟了新路径，同时确立了环境微生物学的新前沿领域。

▲ Abstract：

Here, we illuminate the microbiome inhabiting and adapted to wood and further specialized to individual host tree species, revealing that wood is a harbour of biodiversity and potential key players in tree health and forest ecosystem functions. We demonstrate that a single tree hosts approximately one trillion bacteria in its woody tissues, with microbial communities distinctly partitioned between heartwood and sapwood, each maintaining unique microbiomes with minimal similarity to other plant tissues or ecosystem components. The heartwood microbiome emerges as a particularly unique ecological niche, distinguished by specialized archaea and anaerobic bacteria driving consequential biogeochemical processes. Our findings support the concept of plants as ‘holobionts’—integrated ecological units of host and associated microorganisms—with implications for tree health, disease and functionality. By characterizing the composition, structure and functions of tree internal microbiomes, our work opens up pathways for understanding tree physiology and forest ecology and establishes a new frontier in environmental microbiology.

地球科学Earth Science

Mapping urban gullies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

刚果民主共和国城市冲沟测绘研究

▲ 作者：Guy Ilombe Mawe, Eric Lutete Landu et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09371-7

▲摘要：

该研究对刚果民主共和国（DRC）全国范围内的城市冲沟规模及影响进行了系统评估。通过地图测绘，研究人员在26个城市中共识别出2922条城市冲沟。

结合冲沟形成速率、扩张速率与人口密度数据，研究人员估算2004—2023年间约有11.86万人（不确定范围：±4.44万人）因城市冲沟灾害而被迫迁移。

研究发现，年均迁移人数从2020年前的约4650人/年增至2020年后的约12200人/年。2010至2023年间，生活在冲沟潜在扩张区域的人口从160万（±60万）倍增至320万（±130万），且城市扩张与气候变化可能使更多人口面临风险。该研究建议亟需制定相应的防治工具与策略以应对这一地质灾害。

▲ Abstract：

Here we provide an assessment of the extent and impact of urban gullies at the scale of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Through mapping, we identify 2,922 urban gullies across 26 cities. By combining their formation and growth rates with population density data, we estimate that around 118,600 people (uncertainty range:?±?44,400 people) have been displaced by urban gullies over the period 2004–2023. We find that average displacement rates increased from about 4,650 persons?yr?1 (pre-2020) to about 12,200 persons?yr?1 (post-2020). Between 2010 and 2023, the number of people living in the potential expansion zone of urban gullies doubled from 1.6 (±0.6) to 3.2 (±1.3) million, with more likely to be exposed due to urban sprawl and climate change. We suggest that there is a need for tools and strategies to prevent and mitigate this hazard.

社会学Sociology

Immigrant–native pay gap driven by lack of access to high-paying jobs

移民与本土居民薪资差距主要源于缺乏高薪职业准入途径

▲ 作者：Are Skeie Hermansen, Andrew Penner et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09259-6

▲摘要：

基于欧美九国数据，研究发现移民背景劳动者被隔离至低薪职业的现象，约占移民与本土居民总收入差异的四分之三。

尽管在部分国家中，移民群体内部仍存在明显的同工不同酬现象，但该研究表明，在高薪职业获取机会上的不平等，才是不同制度与人口结构背景下移民—本国人薪资差距的主要成因。

这些发现凸显了降低职业间隔离政策的重要性，例如：提供语言与职业技能培训、完善求职辅助计划、改善国内教育准入机制、承认外国学历资格，以及通过安置计划增强职业信息与社交网络的获取渠道。同时，针对雇主在招聘与晋升决策中偏见的政策也可能收效显著，而仅确保'同工同酬'的措施对于进一步缩小移民—本国人薪资差距的作用范围可能相对有限。

▲ Abstract：

Here, using data from nine European and North American countries, we show that the segregation of workers with immigrant backgrounds into lower-paying jobs accounts for about three-quarters of overall immigrant–native earnings differences. Although within-job pay inequality remains notable for immigrants in several countries, our results demonstrate that unequal access to higher-paying jobs is the primary driver of the immigrant–native pay gap across a range of institutionally and demographically diverse contexts. These findings highlight the importance of policies aimed at reducing between-job segregation, such as language training, job training, job search assistance programmes, improving access to domestic education, recognizing foreign qualifications, and settlement programmes aimed at enhancing access to job-relevant information and networks. Policies that target employer bias in hiring and promotion decisions are also likely to be effective, whereas measures aimed at ensuring equal pay for equal work may have more limited scope for further progress in closing the immigrant–native pay gap.