编译|李言

Nature, Volume 644 Issue 8075, 7 August 2025

《自然》第644卷，8075期，2025年8月7日

物理学Physics

Coherent spectroscopy with a single antiproton spin

单个反质子自旋的相干光谱学

▲ 作者：B. M. Latacz, S. R. Erlewein et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09323-1

▲摘要：

在此，我们展示了在分析阱（AT）中通过量子投影测量成功推导并解析了相干动力学过程。我们首次观测到反质子自旋的拉比振荡，并在约50秒的自旋相干时间内，通过时间序列测量实现了大于80%的自旋反转概率。

单粒子自旋共振扫描显示，在跃迁线宽比先前测量窄16倍的条件下（受回旋频率测量退相干限制），仍可获得超过70%的反转效率。这一成果标志着利用质子与反质子磁矩进行物质/反物质对称性检验的精度将至少提高10倍。

▲ Abstract：

Here we induce the coherent dynamics and analyse the result by quantum-projection measurements in the analysis trap (AT). We observe, for the first time, Rabi oscillations of an antiproton spin and achieve in time-series measurements spin-inversion probabilities greater than 80% at spin coherence times of about 50 s. Scans of single-particle spin resonances show inversions greater than 70%, at transition linewidths 16 times narrower than in previous measurements8, limited by cyclotron frequency measurement decoherence. This achievement marks a notable step towards at least tenfold improved tests of matter/antimatter symmetry using proton and antiproton magnetic moments.

Magnon spectroscopy in the electron microscope

电子显微镜中的磁振子光谱学

▲ 作者：Demie Kepaptsoglou, José ángel Castellanos-Reyes et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09318-y

▲摘要：

在此，我们利用扫描透射电子显微镜（STEM）实现了纳米尺度体相太赫兹磁振子的探测。通过采用配备混合像素电子探测器的高分辨电子能量损失谱技术，我们克服了使用微弱信号成功绘制出NiO纳米薄片中太赫兹磁振子激发空间分布的挑战。

先进的非弹性电子散射模拟验证了实验结果。这些发现为磁振子探测及其色散关系研究开辟了新途径，同时为探索纳米尺度结构缺陷或化学缺陷对磁振子的调控作用提供了可能。这标志着磁振学的一个重要里程碑，并为自旋电子器件的发展带来新机遇。

▲ Abstract：

Here we detect bulk THz magnons at the nanoscale using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). By using high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy with hybrid-pixel electron detectors, we overcome the challenges posed by weak signals to map THz magnon excitations in a thin NiO nanocrystal. Advanced inelastic electron scattering simulations corroborate our findings. These results open new avenues for detecting magnons and exploring their dispersions and their modifications arising from nanoscale structural or chemical defects. This marks a milestone in magnonics and presents exciting opportunities for the development of spintronic devices.

医学Medicine

The mutagenic forces shaping the genomes of lung cancer in never smokers

非吸烟者肺癌基因组的致突变因素

▲ 作者：Marcos Díaz-Gay, Tongwu Zhang et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09219-0

▲摘要：

在此，我们利用Sherlock-Lung研究的数据，通过分析来自28个地理区域的871例未接受治疗的非吸烟肺癌（LCINS）患者的癌症基因组，评估了致突变暴露因素。KRAS突变在北美和欧洲非吸烟肺腺癌患者中的发生率是东亚患者的3.8倍，而东亚非吸烟肺腺癌患者中EGFR和TP53突变更为常见。未知诱因的SBS40a特征在肺腺癌单碱基替换中占比最高，且在EGFR突变病例中富集。

与马兜铃酸暴露相关的SBS22a特征几乎仅见于中国台湾的患者。二手烟暴露与特定驱动突变或突变特征无显著关联。空气污染高发区患者更易出现TP53突变和端粒缩短。他们还展示出总体突变增加，包括此前和吸烟相关联的SBS4增加3.9倍，SBS5增加76%。

我们还观察到和空气污染水平相关的积极剂量—反应关系，包括主要归因于SBS4和SBS5特征突变的端粒长度缩短以及体细胞突变增加。我们的研究结果阐明了塑造非吸烟者肺癌基因组景观的多样化突变过程。

▲ Abstract：

Here we use data from the Sherlock-Lung study to evaluate mutagenic exposures in Lung cancer in never smokers (LCINS) by examining the cancer genomes of 871 treatment-naive individuals with lung cancer who had never smoked, from 28 geographical locations. KRAS mutations were 3.8 times more common in adenocarcinomas of never smokers from North America and Europe than in those from East Asia, whereas a higher prevalence of EGFR and TP53 mutations was observed in adenocarcinomas of never smokers from East Asia. Signature SBS40a, with unknown cause, contributed the largest proportion of single base substitutions in adenocarcinomas, and was enriched in cases with EGFR mutations. Signature SBS22a, which is associated with exposure to aristolochic acid, was observed almost exclusively in patients from Taiwan. Exposure to secondhand smoke was not associated with individual driver mutations or mutational signatures. By contrast, patients from regions with high levels of air pollution were more likely to have TP53 mutations and shorter telomeres. They also exhibited an increase in most types of mutations, including a 3.9-fold increase in signature SBS4, which has previously been linked with tobacco smoking, and a 76% increase in the clock-like signature SBS5. A positive dose–response effect was observed with air-pollution levels, correlating with both a decrease in telomere length and an increase in somatic mutations, mainly attributed to signatures SBS4 and SBS5. Our results elucidate the diversity of mutational processes shaping the genomic landscape of lung cancer in never smokers.

化学Chemistry

Redox-powered autonomous directional C–C bond rotation under enzyme control

酶控氧化还原驱动的自主定向碳—碳键旋转

▲ 作者：Jordan Berreur, Olivia F. B. Watts et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09291-6

▲摘要：

在此，我们展示了一种基于非手性联苯结构的简单合成分子马达，其通过包含并行氧化与还原途径的氧化还原反应网络，实现了化学能驱动的碳—碳键连续自主单向旋转。

这种方向性控制及氧化剂/还原剂双燃料的结合利用，均通过酶催化的固有对映选择性和反应功能分离特性实现。

▲ Abstract：

Here we show that a redox reaction network, comprising concurrent oxidation and reduction pathways, can drive chemically fuelled continuous autonomous unidirectional motion about a C–C bond in a structurally simple synthetic molecular motor based on an achiral biphenyl. The combined use of an oxidant and reductant as fuels and the directionality of the motor are both enabled by exploiting the enantioselectivity and functional separation of reactivity inherent to enzyme catalysis.

地球科学Earth Science

Invariance of dynamo action in an early-Earth model

早期地球模型中的发电机作用不变性

▲ 作者：Yufeng Lin, Philippe Marti & Andrew Jackson

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09334-y

▲摘要：

在此，我们展示了揭示了在早期地球地核极低黏度条件下，发电机作用具有不依赖流体粘度的特性。

我们的早期地球几何模型产生的磁场强度和形态，不仅与远古时期古地磁数据相符，同时与现代地磁场表现出显著相似性。这一发现提出了固态内核在产生观测到的地磁场时空变化中的作用的新问题。

▲ Abstract：

Here we show dynamo actions that are independent of fluid viscosity in the correct geometry of the Earth’s core in the deep past at extremely low viscosity, demonstrating the negligible role of fluid viscosity in our dynamo simulations. Our early-Earth geometry models produce magnetic field intensity and morphologies that are compatible with the palaeomagnetic data in the deep past while showing remarkable similarity to the present-day magnetic field. This raises questions about the role of the solid inner core in producing the spatial-temporal variations of the observed Earth’s magnetic field.

神经科学Neuroscience

An instantaneous voice-synthesis neuroprosthesis

即时语音合成神经假体

▲ 作者：Maitreyee Wairagkar, Nicholas S. Card et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09127-3

▲摘要：

在此，我们展示了一种大脑—语音神经假体系统。通过解码一名肌萎缩侧索硬化症伴严重构音障碍患者腹侧中央前回植入的256个微电极的神经活动结合闭环音频反馈，此系统可以实现即时语音合成。我们克服了缺乏真实语音数据训练神经解码器的挑战，成功精确合成了患者的语音。

除音素内容外，我们还能从皮层内活动中解码副语言特征，使受试者能够实时调节其脑机接口合成语音的音调变化，甚至演唱简短旋律。这些结果证明了通过脑机接口让瘫痪患者实现清晰且有表现力说话的可行性。

▲ Abstract：

Here we demonstrate a brain-to-voice neuroprosthesis that instantaneously synthesizes voice with closed-loop audio feedback by decoding neural activity from 256 microelectrodes implanted into the ventral precentral gyrus of a man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and severe dysarthria. We overcame the challenge of lacking ground-truth speech for training the neural decoder and were able to accurately synthesize his voice. Along with phonemic content, we were also able to decode paralinguistic features from intracortical activity, enabling the participant to modulate his BCI-synthesized voice in real time to change intonation and sing short melodies. These results demonstrate the feasibility of enabling people with paralysis to speak intelligibly and expressively through a BCI.