编译 | 李言
Science, 24 Jul 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6758
《科学》2025年7月24日，第389卷，6758期
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生物学Biology
A human homolog of SIR2 antiphage proteins mediates immunity via the Toll-like receptor pathway
SIR2抗噬菌体蛋白的人类同源物通过Toll样受体通路介导免疫
▲ 作者：Delphine Bonhomme, Hugo Vaysset et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr8536
▲摘要：
哺乳动物免疫的关键元件起源于细菌抗噬菌体系统。目前尚不清楚细菌与真核生物之间免疫系统保守性的完整程度。在此，我们展示了存在于抗噬菌体系统中的沉默信息调节因子2（SIR2）蛋白，其在真核生物先天免疫中发挥重要作用。
我们发现人类SIRal蛋白含有SIRim结构域（SIR2亚型），该蛋白在动物Toll样受体介导的先天免疫通路中起核心作用，并能抵御细菌和病毒感染。
含有SIRim结构域的蛋白质存在于19%的真核生物基因组中（包括斑马鱼），其中SIRal在炎症反应中发挥作用。这项研究为探索真核SIRim蛋白的免疫功能及SIRal在人类病理学中的作用开辟了新途径。
▲ Abstract：
Key actors of mammalian immunity originated from bacterial antiphage systems. The full extent of immune system conservation between bacteria and eukaryotes is unknown. Here, we show that the silent information regulator 2 (SIR2) protein domain, present in antiphage systems, plays a role in eukaryotic innate immunity. We identified SIRal, a human protein with a SIRim domain (subtype of SIR2) that plays a pivotal role in the animal Toll-like receptor pathway of innate immunity and protects against bacterial and viral infections. Proteins containing a SIRim domain are found across 19% of eukaryotic genomes, including zebrafish, where SIRal plays a role in inflammation. This work opens up avenues of research on the immune role of eukaryotic SIRim proteins as well as on the involvement of SIRal in human pathology.
Expansion in situ genome sequencing links nuclear abnormalities to aberrant chromatin regulation
扩增原位基因组测序揭示核异常与异常的染色质调节的关联
▲ 作者：Ajay S. Labade, Zachary D. Chiang et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2781
▲摘要：
在此，我们研发了“原位基因组扩增测序技术”（ExIGS），首次在单细胞层面实现了基因组DNA测序与核蛋白超精确定位的同步分析。通过ExIGS技术对早衰症成纤维细胞的分析发现，纤层蛋白异常可能与染色质调控紊乱热点相关，进而可能导致细胞特性丢失。
研究还揭示核纤层蛋白具有广谱转录抑制功能，这表明核形态的差异或许会调控不同组织及衰老细胞的基因表达。这些成果证实ExIGS可作为一种通用研究平台，通过建立核异常与基因调控的关联，为探索疾病机制提供全新路径。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we describe expansion in situ genome sequencing (ExIGS), a technology that enables sequencing of genomic DNA and super-resolution localization of nuclear proteins in single cells. Applying ExIGS to progeria-derived fibroblasts revealed that lamin abnormalities are linked to hotspots of aberrant chromatin regulation that may erode cell identity. Lamin was found to generally repress transcription, suggesting that variation in nuclear morphology may affect gene regulation across tissues and aged cells. These results demonstrate that ExIGS may serve as a generalizable platform with which to link nuclear abnormalities to gene regulation, offering insights into disease mechanisms.
Record-breaking 2023 marine heatwaves
2023年破纪录的海洋热浪事件
▲ 作者：Tianyun Dong, Zhenzhong Zeng et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr0910
▲摘要：
2023年全球海洋热浪（MHWs）呈现异常激增，其持续时间、影响范围和强度均创历史新高。数据显示，全年海洋热浪活动累计达536亿度每天每平方公里，较1982年以来的历史基准值高出三个标准差以上。
其中，北大西洋热浪事件的重现期达276年一遇，西南太平洋事件达141年一遇。基于ECCO2（海洋环流与气候估算第二阶段）高分辨率日数据，我们通过混合层热收支分析揭示了区域特异性驱动机制：北大西洋和北太平洋主要受短波辐射增强及混合层变浅影响；西南太平洋由云量减少和平流增加主导；而热带东太平洋则主要受海洋平流作用驱动。
2023年极端海洋热浪事件不仅凸显了气候变暖的加剧效应，也暴露出人类认知极端事件机制的重要挑战。
▲ Abstract：
The year 2023 witnessed an extraordinary surge in marine heatwaves (MHWs) across Earth’s oceans, setting new records in duration, extent, and intensity, with MHW activity totaling 53.6 billion °C days square kilometer—more than three standard deviations above the historical norm since 1982. Notable events include the North Atlantic MHW (276-year return period) and the Southwest Pacific (141 years). Using ECCO2 (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean-Phase II) high-resolution daily data, we conducted a mixed-layer heat budget analysis and identified region-specific drivers: enhanced shortwave flux and a shallower mixed layer in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, reduced cloud cover and increased advection in the Southwest Pacific, and oceanic advections in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The 2023 MHWs highlight the intensifying impacts of a warm climate and the challenges in understanding extreme events.
Pre-European contact leprosy in the Americas and its current persistence
欧洲殖民前美洲麻风病的存在及其当代延续
▲ 作者：Maria Lopopolo, Charlotte Avanzi et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu7144
▲摘要：
在此，我们展示了麻风分枝杆菌在欧洲殖民前就已感染美洲人群。通过筛查389份古代样本和408份现代样本，我们显著扩充了该菌种的遗传数据库。系统发育分析显示，麻风分枝杆菌存在不同的感染人类分支，其中一支自殖民时期起就在北美占据主导地位。
在南北美洲发现的具有数千年历史的菌株表明，该病原体可能在全新世晚期就已广泛传播，这证实了麻风病在欧洲人抵达前就已在美洲长期存在。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we show that M. lepromatosis infected humans in the Americas before European contact. By screening 389 ancient and 408 contemporary samples, we have expanded the genetic data available for the species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct human-infecting clades of M. lepromatosis, with one dominating North America since colonial times. The presence of millennia-old strains in North and South America indicates that M. lepromatosis may have been widespread during the Late Holocene, demonstrating that M. lepromatosis leprosy has a long-standing history in the Americas before European arrival.
Little-to-no industrial fishing occurs in fully and highly protected marine areas
完全保护和高度保护的海洋保护区内几乎不存在工业捕捞活动
▲ 作者：Jennifer Raynor, Sara Orofino et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt9009
▲摘要：
人们普遍认为，由于偷捕获利丰厚且监管执法成本高昂，海洋保护区（MPAs）内非法捕捞活动猖獗。然而，通过人工智能与卫星对地观测技术的结合分析，我们对全球完全保护和高度保护海洋保护区（严禁工业捕捞）内的工业捕捞活动进行了量化评估。
我们发现，绝大多数保护区内几乎不存在工业捕捞活动。卫星过境期间，这些保护区平均每2万平方公里仅出现1艘渔船，其捕捞密度仅为专属经济区非保护水域的九分之一。
▲ Abstract：
There is a widespread perception that illegal fishing is common in marine protected areas (MPAs) due to strong incentives for poaching and the high cost of monitoring and enforcement. Using artificial intelligence and satellite-based Earth observations, we provide estimates of industrial fishing activity in fully and highly protected MPAs worldwide, in which such fishing is banned. We find little to no activity in most cases. On average, these MPAs had just one fishing vessel present per 20,000 square kilometers during the satellite overpass, a density nine times lower than that of the unprotected waters of exclusive economic zones.
Global patterns and drivers of untracked industrial fishing in coastal marine protected areas
海岸带海洋保护区内发生的未被追踪工业捕捞活动的全球分布格局与驱动机制
▲ 作者：Raphael Seguin, Frédéric Le Manach et al.
▲链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9468
▲摘要：
海洋保护区（MPAs）在全球范围内规模持续扩大，但其范围内的工业捕捞活动仍缺乏系统认知。通过整合船舶GPS定位数据与卫星影像分析，我们发现2022至2024年间全球47%的滨海保护区内存在工业捕捞，其中三分之二（67%）的作业船舶未被公共监测系统追踪。这些未被追踪的船只在管理最严格、禁止一切开采活动的保护区中占比最高（80%）。
分析表明，渔船出现频率与密度主要取决于保护区面积和偏远程度，而非管理等级本身。当纳入未被追踪的船只数据后，保护区内年均捕捞强度修正值提升28%，达到每平方公里每年4作业小时。该研究揭示了工业捕捞在保护区的持续存在，以及全球保护地渔业压力评估中存在的重要认知缺口。
▲ Abstract：
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are expanding worldwide, but industrial fishing within their boundaries remains poorly understood. By combining vessel Global Positioning System data with satellite imagery, we detected industrial fishing in 47% of coastal MPAs worldwide between 2022 and 2024, with two-thirds of vessel detections (67%) untracked by public monitoring. These untracked vessels were most prevalent (80%) in MPAs with the most restrictive management category, which aims to prohibit all extractive activities. The presence and density of fishing vessels were mainly driven by the size and remoteness of MPAs rather than their management category itself. Including untracked vessels increased estimated fishing effort within MPAs by 28%, to an average of 4 hours per square kilometer per year. These results highlight the continued presence of industrial fishing vessels in MPAs and an important gap in our understanding of fishing pressure on protected areas worldwide.
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