编译|李言

Nature, 26 June 2025, Volume 642 Issue 8069

《自然》2025年6月26日，第642卷，8069期

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物理学Physics

Attosecond inner-shell lasing at ångström wavelengths

阿秒级Å波长内壳层激光

▲ 作者：Thomas M. Linker, Aliaksei Halavanau et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09105-9

▲摘要：

在此，我们展示了在铜和锰的Kα1激光过程中（波长1.5—2.1Å，强度>10¹⁹ W/cm²的X射线自由电子激光驱动下），可以产生与光学波段类似的强激光效应。根据XFEL泵浦脉冲的亚结构特征，所产生的X射线脉冲（约10⁶—10⁸光子）会呈现显著的空间非均匀性、光谱分裂及展宽现象。

三维Maxwell-Bloch理论计算表明：观测到的空间非均匀性源于X射线丝化效应，而宽谱特征则由亚飞秒拉比振荡驱动。模拟结果显示这些X射线脉冲的持续时间可短于100阿秒，其相干特性为量子X射线光学应用提供了新机遇。

▲ Abstract：

Here we show that strong lasing effects similar to those in the optical regime can occur at 1.5–2.1Å wavelengths during high-intensity (>10¹⁹Wcm²) XFEL-driven Kα1 lasing of copper and manganese. Depending on the temporal XFEL pump pulse substructure, the resulting X-ray pulses (about 10⁶-10⁸ photons) can exhibit strong spatial inhomogeneities and spectral splitting, inhomogeneities and broadening. Three-dimensional Maxwell–Bloch calculations show that the observed spatial inhomogeneities result from X-ray filamentation and that the broad spectral features are driven by sub-femtosecond Rabi cycling. Our simulations indicate that these X-ray pulses can have pulse lengths of less than 100 attoseconds and coherence properties that provide opportunities for quantum X-ray optics applications.

Traceable random numbers from a non-local quantum advantage

非局部量子优势的可追溯随机数

▲ 作者：Gautam A. Kavuri, Jasper Palfree et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09054-3

▲摘要：

在此，我们展示了一种基于设备无关技术的全程可追溯的随机数生成协议。该协议从不可预测的非局域量子关联中提取随机性，并采用分布式交织哈希链对提取过程进行加密追踪与验证。基于此协议，我们构建并运行了首个公开可溯源、可认证的量子随机信标系统。

在最初的40天运行中，该协议在7454次尝试中成功完成7434次，成功率高达99.7%。每次协议成功执行时，信标系统会输出512位可溯源随机数脉冲。

经数学证明，这些随机比特的均匀性误差与实际成功概率的乘积严格小于2^-64。这种可认证、可溯源的随机数生成服务，通过量子纠缠优势实现了经典方法无法比拟的公共服务功能。

▲ Abstract：

Here we demonstrate a fully traceable random number generation protocol based on device-independent techniques. Our protocol extracts randomness from unpredictable non-local quantum correlations, and uses distributed intertwined hash chains to cryptographically trace and verify the extraction process. This protocol forms the basis for a public traceable and certifiable quantum randomness beacon that we have launched. Over the first 40 days of operation, we completed the protocol 7,434 out of 7,454 attempts—a success rate of 99.7%. Each time the protocol succeeded, the beacon emitted a pulse of 512 bits of traceable randomness. The bits are certified to be uniform with error multiplied by actual success probability bounded by 2^-64. The generation of certifiable and traceable randomness represents a public service that operates with an entanglement-derived advantage over comparable classical approaches.

材料科学Material Sciences

Brain implantation of soft bioelectronics via embryonic development

通过胚胎发育在大脑中植入软性生物电子器件

▲ 作者：Hao Sheng, Ren Liu et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09106-8

▲摘要：

在此，我们介绍一种超柔性、亚微米厚度的网状微电极阵列，该阵列通过利用胚胎神经板的天然二维到三维重构特性实现整合。随着器官自然发育，网状电极发生变形、拉伸并分布至整个大脑，与神经组织无缝整合。免疫染色、基因表达分析和行为测试证实其对大脑发育或功能无不良影响。

这种嵌入式电极阵列能够长期稳定地绘制大脑发育过程中单神经元活动和群体动态的出现与演变。在蝾螈模型中，它不仅能记录再生过程中的神经电活动，还能通过电刺激调控这一过程。

▲ Abstract：

Here we introduce a tissue-level-soft, submicrometre-thick mesh microelectrode array that integrates into the embryonic neural plate by leveraging the tissue’s natural two-dimensional-to-three-dimensional reconfiguration. As organogenesis progresses, the mesh deforms, stretches and distributes throughout the brain, seamlessly integrating with neural tissue. Immunostaining, gene expression analysis and behavioural testing confirm no adverse effects on brain development or function. This embedded electrode array enables long-term, stable mapping of how single-neuron activity and population dynamics emerge and evolve during brain development. In axolotl models, it not only records neural electrical activity during regeneration but also modulates the process through electrical stimulation.

生物学Biology

Chromosome end protection by RAP1-mediated inhibition of DNA-PK

RAP1介导的DNA-PK抑制实现染色体末端保护

▲ 作者：Patrik Eickhoff, Ceylan Sonmez et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08896-1x

▲摘要：

在此，我们揭示了庇护蛋白成分TRF2和RAP1组分能与DNA-PK形成复合物，直接抑制其在端粒处的末端连接功能。生物化学实验和冷冻电镜分析表明，当RAP1与TRF2结合时，会与KU蛋白和DNA建立相互作用网络，从而阻止DNA-PK招募LIG4连接酶。

在小鼠和人类细胞中，RAP1与Apollo核酸酶在抑制染色体末端cNHEJ（经典非同源末端连接）通路中具有冗余性，这表明DNA-PK的抑制与悬垂依赖机制共同防止端粒融合。我们的实验证实DNA-PK的末端连接功能在端粒处受到直接特异性抑制，从而阐明了哺乳动物细胞维持单个线性染色体稳定的分子机制。

▲ Abstract：

Here we show that the shelterin components TRF2 and RAP1 form a complex with DNA-PK that directly represses its end-joining function at telomeres. Biochemical experiments and cryo-electron microscopy reveal that when bound to TRF2, RAP1 establishes a network of interactions with KU and DNA that prevents DNA-PK from recruiting LIG4. In mouse and human cells, RAP1 is redundant with the Apollo nuclease in repressing cNHEJ at chromosome ends, demonstrating that the inhibition of DNA-PK prevents telomere fusions in parallel with overhang-dependent mechanisms. Our experiments show that the end-joining function of DNA-PK is directly and specifically repressed at telomeres, establishing a molecular mechanism for how individual linear chromosomes are maintained in mammalian cells.

动物学Zoology

Two distinct host-specialized fungal species cause white-nose disease in bats

两种宿主特异性真菌导致蝙蝠的白鼻综合征

▲ 作者：Nicola M. Fischer, Imogen Dumville et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09060-52

▲摘要：

在此，我们利用来自27个国家的5479份真菌分离株组成的参考样本库，揭示了白鼻综合征的病原体并非单一物种，而是两个同域分布的隐存种，且均表现出宿主特异性。我们的发现证实每个物种内部存在基因重组现象，但两者基因组间存在显著遗传分化（包括基因组结构差异）。这两个物种均包含地理分化的种群，这使我们能够鉴定出传入北美的物种，并将其源种群追溯到乌克兰的某个区域。

鉴于我们发现了白鼻综合征病原体存在两个隐存种，我们的研究强调需要将病原体变异性研究整合到全面的疾病监测、管理和预防策略中。这种整体方法对于增进我们对疾病的理解和实施有效的防控措施至关重要。

▲ Abstract：

Here we leverage an extensive reference collection of 5,479 fungal isolates from 27 countries to reveal that the widespread causative agent is not a single species but two sympatric cryptic species, each exhibiting host specialization. Our findings provide evidence of recombination in each species, but significant genetic differentiation across their genomes, including differences in genome organization. Both species contain geographically differentiated populations, which enabled us to identify the species introduced to North America and trace its source population to a region in Ukraine. In light of our discovery of the existence of two cryptic species of the causative agent of white-nose disease, our research underscores the need to integrate the study of pathogen variability into comprehensive disease surveillance, management and prevention strategies. This holistic approach is crucial for enhancing our understanding of diseases and implementing effective measures to prevent their spread.

Herring spawned poleward following fishery-induced collective memory loss

渔业引发鲱鱼的集体记忆丧失，并向极地繁殖

▲ 作者：Aril Slotte, Are Salthaug et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08983-3

▲摘要：

世界上最大的鲱鱼种群通常会从挪威北部海域的越冬区向南迁徙1300公里，在西部海岸产卵。这种保守策略被认为是高能耗游泳成本与在更佳生长条件下提高幼体存活率之间的权衡。在此，渔业数据、科学调查和标记实验的广泛分析表明，鲱鱼的主要产卵区突然向极地移动了约800公里。

这种新的洄游模式是由一个大型新生群体建立的，当时受渔业影响导致高龄鱼类数量严重不足。文化传承所需的记忆阈值可能未能达到——这种情况因高龄鱼和新生代之间受洄游限制和气候变化驱动的时空重叠减少而进一步恶化。最后，少数幸存下来的高龄个体反而从新生代那里继承了洄游文化，而非历史上相反的方式。

这可能会对渔业生产和沿海生态产生深远影响，给群集洄游鱼类的管理带来挑战。

▲ Abstract：

The world’s largest herring (Clupea harengus) population has traditionally migrated up to 1,300 km southward from wintering areas in northern Norwegian waters to spawn at the west coast. This conservative strategy is proposed to be a trade-off between high energetic swimming costs and enhanced larval survival under improved growth conditions. Here an analysis of extensive data from fisheries, scientific surveys and tagging experiments demonstrates an abrupt approximately 800-km poleward shift in main spawning. The new migration was established by a large cohort recruiting when the abundance of older fish was critically low due to age-selective fisheries. The threshold of memory required for cultural transfer was probably not met—a situation that was further exacerbated by reduced spatiotemporal overlap between older fish and recruits driven by migration constraints and climate change. Finally, a minority of survivors from older generations adopted the migration culture from the recruits instead of the historically opposite. This may have profound consequences for production and coastal ecology, challenging the management of migratory schooling fish.