编译 | 李言

Science, 27 Nov 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6776

《科学》2025年11月27日，第390卷，6776期

化学Chemistry

Full utilization of noble metals by atom abstraction for propane dehydrogenation

原子抽提实现丙烷脱氢反应中贵金属全利用

▲ 作者：Guodong Sun, Ran Luo et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw3053

▲摘要：

最大化贵金属原子利用率对高效工业催化至关重要。这项研究证明，通过原子抽提策略可实现丙烷脱氢反应中铂载量的最小化。当低载量铂与铜共存时，在二氧化硅或其他氧化物载体上还原会形成纳米颗粒，其中铂主要分散于体相。向合金中添加锡后，体系生成表面Pt₁Sn₁二聚体结构。

由于锡原子半径大于铜，其被驱动至表面，同时与铂更强的相互作用将铂从体相抽提至表面。完全开放表面上稳定的单金属铂原子实现了近100%的表面暴露，使丙烷脱氢反应的铂用量降低一个数量级，并显著提升了催化稳定性。

▲ Abstract：

Maximizing atomic utilization of noble metals is crucial for efficient industrial catalysis. We demonstrate that minimal platinum (Pt) loading for propane dehydrogenation (PDH) can be achieved through atom abstraction. At low loadings of Pt with copper (Cu), reduction over silica or other oxide supports formed nanoparticles (NPs) with Pt mainly dispersed in the bulk. Addition of tin (Sn) to the alloy led to formation of surface Pt₁Sn₁ dimers. The larger atomic radius of Sn compared with Cu drove it to the surface, and its stronger interactions with Pt abstracted Pt from the bulk. Single metallic Pt atoms were stabilized on fully open surfaces, resulting in nearly 100% surface exposure. This configuration reduced Pt usage by one order of magnitude for propane dehydrogenation and improved catalytic stability.

医学Medicine

Avian-origin influenza A viruses tolerate elevated pyrexic temperatures in mammals

禽源性甲型流感病毒可耐受哺乳动物的高温

▲ 作者：Matthew L. Turnbull, Yingxue Wang, Simon Clare, Gauthier Lieber et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq4691

▲摘要：

宿主体温可决定病毒的复制特征——与适应33°至37°C的人类流感病毒株相比，适应鸟类40°至42°C环境的甲型流感病毒（IAVs）在体外对温度敏感度较低。在这项研究中，禽源PB1聚合酶亚基能使甲型流感病毒在高温环境下复制，包括1918年、1957年和1968年大流行毒株中的禽源PB1。

通过采用确保生物安全的模型系统，研究者发现体温的小幅升高能保护小鼠免受严重感染，但这种保护作用会被耐发热温度的PB1所突破。这些发现表明，虽然体温升高本身是一种有效的抗病毒防御机制，但可能对并非所有流感毒株都有效。该研究为退烧药的临床使用和甲型流感病毒监测工作提供了重要依据。

▲ Abstract：

Host body temperature can define a virus’s replicative profile—influenza A viruses (IAVs) adapted to 40° to 42°C in birds are less temperature sensitive in vitro compared with human isolates adapted to 33° to 37°C. In this work, we show that avian-origin PB1 polymerase subunits enable IAV replication at elevated temperatures, including avian-origin PB1s from the 1918, 1957, and 1968 pandemic viruses. Using a model system to ensure biosafety, we show that a small increase in body temperature protects against severe disease in mice and that this protection is overcome by a febrile temperature–resistant PB1. These findings indicate that although elevated temperature itself can be a potent antiviral defense, it may not be effective against all influenza strains. These data inform both the clinical use of antipyretics and IAV surveillance efforts.

动物学Zoology

The dispersal of domestic cats from North Africa to Europe around 2000 years ago

家猫在约2000年前从北非传播到欧洲

▲ 作者：M. De Martino, B. De Cupere et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2642

▲摘要：

家猫由非洲野猫演化而来。它们与人类相伴的全球分布格局，印证了其成功适应人类环境的能力。关于家猫究竟起源于黎凡特、埃及还是非洲野猫自然分布区的其他地域，目前尚无定论。

其向欧洲扩散的具体时间与背景亦不明确。这项研究通过对87例古今猫科动物基因组进行分析表明，家猫并非随新石器时代农人一同传入欧洲。相反，它们约在2000年前可能从北非引入欧洲。此外，西北非野猫在更早时期（公元前一千纪）的独立迁徙事件，或许造就了现今撒丁岛上的野猫种群。

▲ Abstract：

The domestic cat (Felis catus) descends from the African wildcat Felis lybica lybica. Its global distribution alongside humans testifies to its successful adaptation to anthropogenic environments. Uncertainty remains regarding whether domestic cats originated in the Levant, Egypt, or elsewhere in the natural range of African wildcats. The timing and circumstances of their dispersal into Europe are also unknown. In this study, the analysis of 87 ancient and modern cat genomes suggests that domestic cats did not spread to Europe with Neolithic farmers. Conversely, they were introduced to Europe around 2000 years ago, probably from North Africa. In addition, a separate earlier introduction (first millennium before the common era) of wildcats from Northwest Africa may have been responsible for the present-day wild population in Sardinia.

Monkeys have rhythm

猴子也懂节奏

▲ 作者：Vani G. Rajendran, Luis Prado, Juan Pablo Marquez et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5220

▲摘要：

将身体运动与音乐同步是人类文化的显著特征，但其在进化与神经生物学上的起源仍属未知。具备这种能力需要：（1）从连续声音中提取稳定的节奏脉冲或节拍；（2）将这种模式在时间轴上向前投射；（3）通过协调运动指令来预判未来节拍。研究者证明，猕猴不仅能跟随真实音乐中的主观节拍进行同步运动，甚至能自发选择这种同步策略而非其他替代方案。

这一发现挑战了具有影响力的“声音学习假说”——该假说认为音乐节拍同步能力是具备复杂学习性发声能力的物种所特有的。研究者对此提出新观点，他们认为音乐节拍感知与同步能力应被视为一个连续谱系，不同物种可根据其通过奖励关联协调上述基本能力的发展程度，在该谱系中找到相应位置。

▲ Abstract：

Synchronizing movements to music is a hallmark of human culture, but its evolutionary and neurobiological origins remain unknown. This ability requires (i) extracting a steady rhythmic pulse, or beat, out of continuous sounds; (ii) projecting this pattern forward in time; and (iii) timing motor commands to anticipate future beats. Here, we demonstrate that macaques can synchronize to a subjective beat in real music and even spontaneously do so over alternative strategies. This contradicts the influential “vocal-learning hypothesis” that musical beat synchronization is privileged to species with complex learned vocalizations. We propose an alternative view of musical beat perception and synchronization as a continuum onto which different species can be mapped based on their capacity to coordinate the general abilities listed above through association with reward.

物理Physics

rogrammable higher-order nonequilibrium topological phases on a superconducting quantum processor

基于超导量子处理器的可编程高阶非平衡拓扑相

▲ 作者：Haoran Qian, Ming Gong et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp6802

▲摘要：

物质拓扑物相兼具基础研究价值与实际应用潜力。这项研究通过二维可编程超导量子处理器，同时实现了平衡与非平衡两类高阶拓扑物相。通过在6×6量子比特阵列上构建包含超过50个Floquet算子循环的量子电路，成功实现了非平衡高阶拓扑物相的量子编程。

此外，研究者提出了一种基于手性密度动力学测量的普适性方法，用以识别独特的非平衡高阶拓扑特征，包括Floquet角拓扑不变量和π能量拓扑角模式。本研究为利用可编程量子处理器探索新型高阶非平衡拓扑物相开辟了新路径。

▲ Abstract：

Topological phases of matter are of both fundamental and practical interest. In this study, we implemented both equilibrium and nonequilibrium higher-order topological phases using a two-dimensional programmable superconducting quantum processor. Quantum programming of nonequilibrium higher-order topological phases was achieved by constructing quantum circuits comprising >50 cycles of Floquet operators on a six-by-six qubit array. Additionally, we introduce a universal approach based on measuring the dynamics of chiral density to identify distinct nonequilibrium higher-order topological features, including Floquet corner topological invariants and π-energy topological corner modes. Our work may enable the use of programmable quantum processors to explore exotic higher-order nonequilibrium topological phases of matter.

地球科学Earth Science

Seasonal dynamics of Earth’s glaciers and ice sheets

地球冰川与冰盖的季节性动态变化

▲ 作者：Chad A. Greene and Alex S. Gardner

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx6654

▲摘要：

地球冰川对环境变化的敏感性，可以通过其随季节变化的速度调整得以显现，而冰川从冬季到夏季对升温的响应模式，或许有助于预测其在多年尺度上对气候变暖的响应特征。

研究者通过全球尺度的冰川与冰盖季节性动态分析发现：在年最高地表温度超过0°C的区域，冰川季节性流速变化幅度最为显著。他们发现了基底水文系统在季节尺度上影响冰川运动的证据，并发现季节性流速变化与年际流速变异之间存在微弱但显著的全球性关联。冰川似乎会因地表融水作用发生年度性的加速与减速循环，数据表明未来大气增温可能放大全球冰川的季节性动态变化幅度并改变其发生时序。

▲ Abstract：

The sensitivity of Earth’s glaciers to environmental change is on display each year as they change speed with the seasons, and a glacier’s response to warming from winter to summer may help predict its response to warming on multiyear timescales. We present a global analysis of seasonal glacier and ice sheet dynamics, finding that seasonal velocity amplitudes are greatest where annual maximum surface temperature exceeds 0°C. We see evidence of basal hydrological systems affecting glacier flow on seasonal timescales and find a weak but significant global correlation between seasonal and interannual flow variability. Glaciers appear to accelerate and decelerate yearly in response to surface melt, and the data suggest that future atmospheric warming could amplify and alter the timing of seasonal glacier dynamics worldwide.