编译|冯维维

Science, 2 OCT 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6768

《科学》2025年10月2日，第390卷，6768期

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化学Chemistry

Integrated low-temperature PVC and polyolefin upgrading

集成式低温聚氯乙烯与聚烯烃升级回收

▲ 作者：WEI ZHANG, BODA YANG, BENJAMIN A. JACKSON, JUNBO ZHAO, HONGHONG SHI, DONALD M. CAMAIONI, SUNGMIN KIM, HUAMIN WANG, JáNOS SZANYI, AND JOHANNES A. LERCHER

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx5285

▲摘要：

聚烯烃及其氯化衍生物（如聚氯乙烯）是全球产量和废弃物流中最为普遍的塑料品类。传统的废塑能源化方法（如焚烧与热解）以及大多数针对聚氯乙烯的化学升级回收技术，都需要进行彻底的高温脱氯处理，以防止有毒氯化物的释放。

研究者提出了一种策略，可在氯铝酸盐离子液体催化下，通过单级工艺将废弃聚氯乙烯升级回收为不含氯的燃料范围烃类和氯化氢。该方案通过在低温串联工艺中，利用异丁烷或异戊烷进行放热的烷基化和氢转移反应，来抵消吸热的脱氯和碳—碳键断裂过程。

这些轻质异构烷烃可从炼油工艺中获得，并部分来自产品物流的循环。本工艺适用于处理现实世界中混合且受污染的聚氯乙烯与聚烯烃废弃物流。

▲ Abstract：

Polyolefins and their chlorinated derivatives such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are among the most prevalent plastics in global production and waste streams. Traditional waste-to-energy methods such as incineration and pyrolysis, as well as most chemical upcycling methods for PVC utilization, require thorough, high-temperature dechlorination to prevent the release of toxic chlorinated compounds. We present here a strategy for upgrading discarded PVC into chlorine-free fuel range hydrocarbons and hydrogen chloride in a single-stage process catalyzed by chloroaluminate ionic liquids. This approach offsets endothermic dechlorination and carbon-carbon bond cleavage with exothermic alkylation and hydrogen transfer by isobutane or isopentane in a low-temperature tandem process. The light isoalkanes are available from refinery processes and partly from recycling of the product stream. This process is suitable for handling real-world mixed and contaminated PVC and polyolefin waste streams.

Two-dimensional diboron trioxide crystal composed by boroxol groups

由硼氧环构成的二维B₂O₃晶体

▲ 作者：T. ZIO, M. DIRINDIN, C. DI GIORGIO, M. THALER, B. ACHATZ, C. CEPEK, I COJOCARIU, M. JUGOVAC, T. O. MENTE?, AND C. AFRICH

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv2582

▲摘要：

三氧化二硼（B₂O₃）在多晶型氧化物中堪称特例——其玻璃态含有超结构单元（平面型硼氧环），而这种结构单元在其三维晶体多型体中从未被发现。虽然含硼氧环的晶体多型体仅存在于理论预测中，但其形成对于解释B₂O₃的玻璃化能力至关重要。

本研究成功合成了一种由硼氧环构成的二维晶体B₂O₃多型体，这些结构单元以原子级薄层蜂窝状晶格有序排列。通过将表面科学实验技术与第一性原理计算相结合，研究者在原子尺度上系统表征了该B₂O₃多型体的结构与电子性质。这一发现拓展了二维材料家族体系，并为在三氧化物中实现单个结构单元的原子级追踪提供了可能。

▲ Abstract：

Diboron trioxide (B₂O₃) represents an unusual case among polymorphic oxides, because its vitrified state features superstructural units—planar boroxol groups—that are never observed in its three-dimensional crystalline polymorphs. Crystalline polymorphs that incorporate boroxol groups have only been predicted theoretically, although their formation is crucial to rationalize the ability of B₂O₃ to vitrify. Here we present the synthesis of a two-dimensional crystalline B₂O₃ polymorph constituted by boroxol groups arranged in an atomically thin honeycomb lattice. By combining surface science experimental techniques with ab initio calculations, we characterize the structural and electronic properties of this B₂O₃ polymorph down to the atomic level. This discovery enlarges the family of two-dimensional materials and enables the atomic tracking of individual structural units in trioxides.

地质学Geology

A clearer view of the current phase of unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera

更清晰审视坎皮佛莱格雷破火山口当前动荡阶段

▲ 作者：XING TA, ANNA TRAMELLI, SERGIO GAMMALDI, GREGORY C. BEROZA, WILLIAM L. ELLSWORTH, AND WARNER MARZOCCHI

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw9038

▲摘要：

自2023年8月以来，意大利那不勒斯“燃烧之地”坎皮佛莱格雷地区已发生数万次地震，但居住在此的数百万人可能并未察觉到其中大多数震动；然而，在沉寂了几个世纪后，这座破火山口似乎正在苏醒。

研究者采用重新训练的机器学习工作流程，提升了坎皮佛莱格雷破火山口地震监测网络的性能，以更好地追踪火山动荡的演化过程。通过分析近期（2022年1月21日至2025年3月20日）的连续地震数据，他们发现人口密集的CFc地区地震活动性急剧上升。

该分析将地震目录从约12000个事件扩展至超过54000次地震。更完整的地震活动图像揭示出一个轮廓清晰的破火山口环形断层系统，其地震活动深度范围非常狭窄；清晰勾勒出破火山口北部浅层断层；并发现了很可能与热液系统相关的极浅层混合型地震的震源。

截至目前，研究者尚未观测到任何岩浆向上迁移的直接迹象，也未在RSF之上或内部3.7公里以下深度观测到地震活动。

▲ Abstract：

We used a retrained machine learning workflow to enhance the performance of the seismic monitoring network at Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) for improved tracking of the evolution of volcanic unrest. We analyzed the recent (21 January 2022 to 20 March 2025) continuous seismic data, which showed a sharp increase in seismicity at the highly populated CFc. Our analysis expanded the seismicity catalog from around 12,000 to more than 54,000 earthquakes. The more complete picture of seismicity revealed a sharply defined caldera ring fault system (RFS) featuring a very narrow depth range of seismicity, clearly illuminated shallow faults in the northern part of the caldera, and uncovered a source of very shallow hybrid earthquakes likely related to the hydrothermal system. To date, we have not observed any direct signature of upward migration of magma, nor have we observed seismic activity at depths below 3.7 kilometers on or inside the RFS.

Persistent eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean upwelling since the warm Pliocene

自温暖上新世以来持续存在的东赤道太平洋上升流

▲ 作者：PATRICK A. RAFTER, JESSE R. FARMER, ALFREDO MARTíNEZ-GARCíA, ANA CHRISTINA RAVELO, KRISTOPHER B. KARNAUSKAS, FABIAN C. BATISTA, STEFANO M. BERNASCONI, HAOJIA REN, ALEXANDRA AUDERSET, AND DANIEL M. SIGMAN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads8720

▲摘要：

东赤道太平洋海域大部分地区表面温暖，但其显著特征是从厄瓜多尔向西延伸数千公里的“冷舌”结构。这一由深层冷海水上涌形成的结构，对海洋生产力和气候均有重大影响。在上新世时期这个比当今温暖、常被视为未来暖化气候参照的时期，该系统如何运行？

研究者通过分析海洋沉积物及有孔虫中有机组分的氮同位素组成，得出结论：尽管上新世期间冷舌区温度更高，但东赤道太平洋的上升流在过去400万年间持续存在。

这一发现引发了关于上新世存在“永久性厄尔尼诺状态”的推测，并引起了对全球变暖背景下转向类厄尔尼诺状态的担忧。

▲ Abstract：

A distinguishing feature of the mostly warm surface of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (EEP) is a “cold tongue” that extends thousands of kilometers to the west from Ecuador. This structure, formed by upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water from greater depths, has major impacts on both ocean biological productivity and climate. But how did this system behave during the Pliocene epoch, an interval that had a warmer climate than today and often is considered a climate analog for our warmer future? Rafter et al. analyzed the nitrogen isotopic compositions of marine sediments and organic phases in foraminifera to conclude that upwelling in the EEP has persisted over the past 4 million years, although the cold tongue was warmer during the Pliocene. These results have implications for both ocean circulation during the Pliocene and in the future.

物理学Physics

A high-resolution molecular spin-photon interface at telecommunication wavelengths

一种在通信波段工作的高分辨率分子自旋光子界面

▲ 作者：LEAH R. WEISS, GRANT T. SMITH, RYAN A. MURPHY, BAHMAN GOLESORKHI, JOSé A. MéNDEZ MéNDEZ, PRIYA PATEL, JENS NIKLAS, OLEG G. POLUEKTOV, JEFFREY R. LONG, AND DAVID D. AWSCHALOM

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady8677

▲摘要：

多原子分子中光学可寻址的电子自旋是量子信息科学中一个前景广阔的平台，其潜力在于通过原子级可调性和纳米级定位来实现可扩展的量子比特设计及集成。然而，光学态选择与位点选择仍是一个待解决的挑战。

研究者介绍了一种有机铒自旋量子比特，其中狭窄（兆赫兹量级）的光学跃迁和自旋跃迁相互耦合，使得能够利用通信频率的光高分辨率地访问自旋自由度。这种自旋光子界面实现了光学自旋极化和读出的演示，并能区分分子晶体中的不同自旋态和磁不等价位点。

该技术在能与成熟的光子和微波设备兼容的频率下工作，为构建可扩展的、集成的分子自旋光学量子技术提供了机遇。

▲ Abstract：

Optically addressable electronic spins in polyatomic molecules are a promising platform for quantum information science, with the potential to enable scalable qubit design and integration through atomistic tunability and nanoscale localization. However, optical state- and site-selection are an open challenge. In this work, we introduce an organo-erbium spin qubit in which narrow (megahertz-scale) optical and spin transitions couple to provide high-resolution access to spin degrees of freedom with telecommunication-frequency light. This spin-photon interface enables demonstration of optical spin polarization and readout that distinguishes between spin states and magnetically inequivalent sites in a molecular crystal. Operation at frequencies compatible with mature photonic and microwave devices provides an opportunity for engineering scalable, integrated molecular spin-optical quantum technologies.

生物安全Bio-Security

Strengthening nucleic acid biosecurity screening against generative protein design tools

加强核酸生物安全筛查以应对生成式蛋白质设计工具

▲ 作者：BRUCE J. WITTMANN, TESSA ALEXANIAN, CRAIG BARTLING, JACOB BEAL, ADAM CLORE, JAMES DIGGANS, KEVIN FLYANGOLTS, BRYAN T. GEMLER, TOM MITCHELL , AND ERIC HORVITZ

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu8578

▲摘要：

人工智能辅助的蛋白质工程进展正在推动生命科学领域的突破，但同时也带来了新的生物安全挑战。核酸合成是AI辅助蛋白质工程流程中的关键瓶颈环节。因此，针对AI技术增强的能力，加强核酸合成提供商用于订单筛查的方法已成为提升生物安全工作的重点。

研究者评估了开源AI蛋白质设计软件创建规避核酸合成提供商生物安全筛查工具检测的值得关注蛋白质变体的能力，发现当前工具存在无法可靠检测AI重新设计序列的漏洞。作为应对，他们开发并部署了修复补丁，显著提升了对更可能保留野生型类似功能的合成同源物的检测率。

▲ Abstract：

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted protein engineering are enabling breakthroughs in the life sciences but also introduce new biosecurity challenges. Synthesis of nucleic acids is a choke point in AI-assisted protein engineering pipelines. Thus, an important focus for efforts to enhance biosecurity given AI-enabled capabilities is bolstering methods used by nucleic acid synthesis providers to screen orders. We evaluated the ability of open-source AI-powered protein design software to create variants of proteins of concern that could evade detection by the biosecurity screening tools used by nucleic acid synthesis providers, identifying a vulnerability where AI-redesigned sequences could not be detected reliably by current tools. In response, we developed and deployed patches, greatly improving detection rates of synthetic homologs more likely to retain wild type–like function.