德国路德维希马克西米利安大学Laurent A. F. Frantz小组的论文发现了旧石器时代，狗广泛分布在欧亚大陆西部。2026年3月25日出版的《自然》发表了这项成果。

本研究对来自土耳其皮纳尔巴舍遗址（距今15800年）、英国高夫洞穴遗址（距今14300年）以及塞尔维亚两处中石器时代遗址（帕迪纳遗址，距今11500-7,900年；弗拉萨克遗址，距今8900年）的犬科动物遗存进行了细胞核与线粒体基因组测序。他们的分析表明，在旧石器时代晚期晚期，基因同质的狗种群已经广泛分布在欧洲和安纳托利亚(至少14300 年前)。这一发现表明，狗在遗传上和文化上都不同的欧亚大陆西部晚旧石器时代人群之间进行了交换，即马格达莱尼人、埃皮格拉维特人和安纳托利亚狩猎采集者。最后，课题组研究人员确定了中石器时代东欧亚狗祖先的大量涌入，与此同时，东部狩猎采集者种群向欧洲迁移，这导致了确定今天欧洲狗种群的主要祖先特征的建立。

据了解，考古证据表明，犬类在旧石器时代（距今超过15,000年）就已从灰狼分化出来。然而，最明确的遗传证据却与约10900年前中石器时代考古背景下的犬类遗存相关。

附：英文原文

Title: Dogs were widely distributed across western Eurasia during the Palaeolithic

Author: Marsh, William A., Scarsbrook, Lachie, Ync, Eren, Hodgson, Lizzie, Lin, Audrey T., De Iorio, Maria, Thalmann, Olaf, Thomas, Mark G., Goor, Mahaut, Bergstrm, Anders, Noseda, Angela, Amiri, Sarieh, Biglari, Fereidoun, Bori, Duan, Bougiouri, Katia, Carmagnini, Alberto, Giann, Maddalena, Higham, Tom, Lebrasseur, Ophelie, Linderholm, Anna, Mannino, Marcello A., Middleton, Caroline, Mustafaolu, Gkhan, Perri, Angela, Peters, Joris, Richards, Mike, Sarta, zlem, Skoglund, Pontus, Stevens, Rhiannon E., Stringer, Chris, Tabbada, Kristina, Talbot, Helen M., Van der Sluis, Laura G., Bello, Silvia M., Dimitrijevic, Vesna, Martin, Louise, Mashkour, Marjan, Parfitt, Simon A., Vukovic, Sonja, Brace, Selina, Craig, Oliver E., Baird, Douglas, Charlton, Sophy, Larson, Greger, Barnes, Ian, Frantz, Laurent A. F.

Issue&Volume: 2026-03-25

Abstract: Archaeological evidence suggests that dogs diverged from wolves during the Palaeolithic, more than 15,000years ago1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The earliest unequivocal genetic evidence, however, is associated with dog remains from Mesolithic archaeological contexts approximately 10,900years ago8,9. Here we generate both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from canid remains at Pnarba in Türkiye (15,800years ago)10 and Gough’s Cave in the UK (14,300years ago)11, as well as from dogs excavated from two Mesolithic sites in Serbia (Padina between 11,500–7,900years ago and Vlasac 8,900years ago)12,13. Our analyses indicate that a genetically homogeneous dog population was already widely distributed across Europe and Anatolia during the Late Upper Palaeolithic (by at least 14,300years ago). This finding suggests that dogs were exchanged among genetically and culturally distinct western Eurasian Late Palaeolithic human populations, namely the Magdalenian, Epigravettian and Anatolian hunter-gatherers10,14,15,16. Last, we identify a major influx of eastern Eurasian dog ancestry during the Mesolithic, concomitant with the movement of eastern hunter-gatherer populations into Europe14, which led to the establishment of the primary ancestry characteristics that define European dog populations today.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10170-x

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10170-x