近日，南开大学赵庆团队研究了用于高能量密度和低温电池的氢氟碳化物电解质。相关论文于2026年2月25日发表在《自然》杂志上。

过去几十年来，电化学器件中使用的电解质溶剂一直以氧基和氮基配体为主，这类配体通过偶极-离子（Li⁺、Na⁺等）相互作用奠定了离子解离与传输的基础，但同时也阻碍了电解质-电极界面的电荷转移过程。

研究组通过合成具有单氟化结构的烷烃，证明了具有特定空间位阻和刘易斯碱性的氟基配体可实现超过2摩尔/升的盐溶解度。其中，基于1,3-二氟丙烷的锂离子电解质兼具高能量密度和低温电池所需的所有特性，包括低粘度（0.95 cp）、高氧化稳定性（>4.9 V）以及在-70°C时0.29 mS cm^-1的离子电导率。

通过将氟原子引入第一溶剂化层，弱F-Li⁺配位作用在-50°C下实现了高达99.7%的锂沉积/剥离库仑效率和比O-Li⁺配位高一个数量级的交换电流密度。该电解质体系可使锂金属软包电池在低于0.5 g Ah^-1的电解液用量下运行，室温能量密度超过700 Wh kg^-1，-50°C时仍可保持约400 Wh kg^-1。该工作开发的氢氟烃电解质为突破传统配位化学构建电化学体系提供了可行方案。

附：英文原文

Title: Hydrofluorocarbon electrolytes for energy-dense and low-temperature batteries

Author: Wu, Lanqing, Zhang, Jinyu, Li, Yong, Fan, Zhenyu, Ren, Shuangxin, Zhang, Jie, Li, Yawen, Ni, Youxuan, Xie, Weiwei, Lu, Yong, Chen, Jun, Zhao, Qing

Issue&Volume: 2026-02-25

Abstract: Electrolyte solvents for electrochemical devices have been dominated by oxygen (O)-based and nitrogen (N)-based ligands over the past decades1,2,3,4,5, for which the dipole–ion (Li+, Na+ and so on) interaction usually lays the foundations of ion dissociation and transport but frustrates the charge transfer process at the electrolyte–electrode interface6,7,8,9. Here, by synthesizing alkanes with monofluorinated structures, we show that fluorine (F)-based ligands with designed steric hindrance and Lewis basicity enable salt dissolution of more than 2moll1. Among them, 1,3-difluoro-propane (DFP)-based Li-ion electrolyte is endowed with all merits for energy-dense and low-temperature batteries, including low viscosity (0.95cp), high oxidation stability (>4.9V) and ionic conductivity of 0.29mScm1 at 70°C. By incorporating F atoms in the first solvation shell, the weak F–Li+ coordination facilitates the Li plating/stripping process with Coulombic efficiency (CE) up to 99.7% and exchange current density one magnitude larger than O–Li+ coordination at 50°C. The electrolytes further enable the operation of lithium-metal pouch cells under an electrolyte amount of less than 0.5gAh1, achieving energy densities greater than 700Whkg1 at room temperature and about 400Whkg1 at 50°C. The hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) electrolytes in this work provide a feasible approach to building electrochemical systems beyond traditional coordination chemistry.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10210-6

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10210-6