古埃及王国的全基因组祖先，这一成果由弗朗西斯·克里克研究所Linus Girdland-Flink研究组经过不懈努力而取得。相关论文于2025年7月2日发表在《自然》杂志上。

在这里，课题组研究人员对在Nuwayrat （Nuerat, ）出土的一名成年埃及男性的2倍覆盖全基因组进行了测序。放射性碳测定年代为2855-2570 cal。他生活在埃及统一后的几个世纪，跨越了早期王朝和古王国时期。尸体被埋在一个岩石切割的坟墓里的一个陶瓷锅里，这可能有助于DNA的保存。在目前可用的基因中，他的大部分基因组最能代表北非新石器时代的祖先。然而，他大约20%的遗传祖先可以追溯到代表新月沃土东部的基因组，包括美索不达米亚及其周边地区。这种遗传亲和性与新石器时代和青铜时代出现在安纳托利亚和黎凡特的祖先相似。虽然需要更多的基因组来充分了解早期埃及人的基因组多样性，但他们的结果表明，埃及和新月沃地东部之间的接触并不局限于物体和图像（如驯化的动物和植物，以及书写系统），而且还包括人类迁徙。

据了解，古埃及社会繁荣了数千年，在王朝时期（约公元前3150 -公元前30年）达到顶峰。然而，由于DNA保存不佳，由于全基因组测序尚不可能实现，因此关于区域互联性随时间变化的问题尚未得到解决。

附：英文原文

Title: Whole-genome ancestry of an Old Kingdom Egyptian

Author: Morez Jacobs, Adeline, Irish, Joel D., Cooke, Ashley, Anastasiadou, Kyriaki, Barrington, Christopher, Gilardet, Alexandre, Kelly, Monica, Silva, Marina, Speidel, Leo, Tait, Frankie, Williams, Mia, Brucato, Nicolas, Ricaut, Francois-Xavier, Wilkinson, Caroline, Madgwick, Richard, Holt, Emily, Nederbragt, Alexandra J., Inglis, Edward, Hajdinjak, Mateja, Skoglund, Pontus, Girdland-Flink, Linus

Issue&Volume: 2025-07-02

Abstract: Ancient Egyptian society flourished for millennia, reaching its peak during the Dynastic Period (approximately 3150–30BCE). However, owing to poor DNA preservation, questions about regional interconnectivity over time have not been addressed because whole-genome sequencing has not yet been possible. Here we sequenced a 2× coverage whole genome from an adult male Egyptian excavated at Nuwayrat (Nuerat, ). Radiocarbon dated to 2855–2570cal. BCE, he lived a few centuries after Egyptian unification, bridging the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. The body was interred in a ceramic pot within a rock-cut tomb1, potentially contributing to the DNA preservation. Most of his genome is best represented by North African Neolithic ancestry, among available sources at present. Yet approximately 20% of his genetic ancestry can be traced to genomes representing the eastern Fertile Crescent, including Mesopotamia and surrounding regions. This genetic affinity is similar to the ancestry appearing in Anatolia and the Levant during the Neolithic and Bronze Age2,3,4,5. Although more genomes are needed to fully understand the genomic diversity of early Egyptians, our results indicate that contacts between Egypt and the eastern Fertile Crescent were not limited to objects and imagery (such as domesticated animals and plants, as well as writing systems)6,7,8,9 but also encompassed human migration.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09195-5

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09195-5