近日，中国农业科学院教授陈华兰及其课题组揭示了H5N1病毒通过“口对口”传播侵入奶牛的乳腺。2025年7月1日出版的《国家科学评论》发表了这项成果。

研究小组发现，牛的口腔组织支持H5N1病毒的结合和复制，并且病毒在牛的口腔中复制并通过吸吮传播到奶牛的乳腺。研究团队还发现，H5灭活疫苗或基于血凝素的DNA疫苗可诱导奶牛对不同H5N1病毒主题的攻击产生绝育免疫。他们的研究为H5N1病毒在牛中的传播和控制提供了见解。

据介绍，据报道，美国17个州的1070多家奶牛场爆发了H5N1型流感。乳腺损伤和牛奶中病毒含量高是感染牛的共同特征，但尚不清楚病毒最初是如何侵入乳腺的，目前也没有有效的控制策略。

附：英文原文

Title: H5N1 virus invades the mammary glands of dairy cattle through “mouth-to-teat” transmission

Author: Shi, Jianzhong, Kong, Huihui, Cui, Pengfei, Deng, Guohua, Zeng, Xianying, Jiang, Yongping, He, Xijun, Zhang, Xianfeng, Chen, Lei, Zhuang, Yichao, Wang, Yan, Ma, Jinming, Li, Jiaqi, Zhang, Yaping, Wang, Congcong, He, Chen, Yang, Jiaxin, Li, Jiongjie, Liu, Wenyu, Yang, Jinyu, Mao, Shenggang, Liu, Jinxiong, Chen, Pucheng, Tian, Guobin, Li, Chengjun, Guan, Yuntao, Bu, Zhigao, Chen, Hualan

Issue&Volume: 2025-07-01

Abstract: H5N1 influenza outbreaks have been reported on more than 1,070 dairy farms across 17 states in the US. Damage to the mammary gland and high levels of virus in milk were common features of the infected cattle, but it is unclear how the virus initially invades the mammary glands, and no control strategy is currently available. Here, we found that cattle oral tissues support H5N1 virus binding and replication, and virus replicating in the mouth of cattle transmitted to the mammary glands of dairy cattle during sucking. We also found that an H5 inactivated vaccine or a hemagglutinin-based DNA vaccine induced sterilizing immunity in cows against challenges with different H5N1 viruses. Our study provides insights into H5N1 virus transmission and control in cattle.

DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaf262

Source: https://academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/nsr/nwaf262/8180392?searchresult=1