默多克大学Martin Mascher团队宣布他们研制了六倍体燕麦的全基因组和全转录组。2025年10月29日出版的《自然》杂志发表了这项成果。

在这里，课题组研究人员展示了33个野生和驯化燕麦系的带注释的染色体尺度序列集合，以及23个燕麦系不同发育阶段6个组织的基因表达图谱。课题组人员构建了跨亚基因组、物种和组织的基因表达多样性图谱。在六倍体中，基因丢失伴随着剩余同源物的补偿性上调，但这一过程受到亚基因组分化的限制。染色体重排在很大程度上影响了最近的燕麦育种。一个与早期开花相关的大的中心周围反转解释了染色体7D上的扭曲分离和染色体2A和2C之间的同源序列交换在半矮秆突变体中已经在亚洲精英品种中变得突出。燕麦全基因组将促进采用基因组方法来了解驯化燕麦的进化和适应，并将加速其改良。

据悉，燕麦是一种传统的人类食物，富含膳食纤维，有助于改善人类健康。近年来，人们对这种作物的兴趣激增，因为它的主题是植物性类似牛奶的基础。燕麦是一种同种异体六倍体，具有一个大的、重复序列丰富的基因组，它是由进化时间尺度上的亚基因组交换形成的。与许多其他谷物物种相比，燕麦的基因组研究仍处于早期阶段，对结构基因组多样性和基因表达变异性的调查很少。

附：英文原文

Title: A pangenome and pantranscriptome of hexaploid oat

Author: Avni, Raz, Kamal, Nadia, Bitz, Lidija, Jellen, Eric N., Bekele, Wubishet A., Angessa, Tefera T., Auvinen, Petri, Bitz, Oliver, Boyle, Brian, Canales, Francisco J., Carlson, Craig H., Chapman, Brett, Chawla, Harmeet Singh, Chen, Yutang, Copetti, Dario, Correia de Lemos, Samara, Dang, Viet, Eichten, Steven R., Klos, Kathy Esvelt, Fenn, Amit M., Fiebig, Anne, Fu, Yong-Bi, Gundlach, Heidrun, Gupta, Rajeev, Haberer, Georg, He, Tianhua, Herrmann, Matthias H., Himmelbach, Axel, Howarth, Catherine J., Hu, Haifei, Isidro y Snchez, Julio, Itaya, Asuka, Jannink, Jean-Luc, Jia, Yong, Kaur, Rajvinder, Knauft, Manuela, Langdon, Tim, Lux, Thomas, Marmon, Sofia, Marosi, Vanda, Mayer, Klaus F. X., Michel, Steve, Nandety, Raja Sekhar, Nilsen, Kirby T., Paczos-Grzda, Edyta, Pasha, Asher, Prats, Elena, Provart, Nicholas J., Ravagnani, Adriana, Reid, Robert W., Schlueter, Jessica A., Schulman, Alan H., Sen, Taner Z., Singh, Jaswinder, Singh, Mehtab, Sirijovski, Nick, Stein, Nils, Studer, Bruno, Viitala, Sirja, Vronces, Shauna, Walkowiak, Sean, Wang, Penghao, Waters, Amanda J., Wight, Charlene P., Yan, Weikai, Yao, Eric, Zhang, Xiao-Qi, Zhou, Gaofeng, Zhou, Zhou, Tinker, Nicholas A.

Issue&Volume: 2025-10-29

Abstract: Oat grain is a traditional human food that is rich in dietary fibre and contributes to improved human health1,2. Interest in the crop has surged in recent years owing to its use as the basis for plant-based milk analogues3. Oat is an allohexaploid with a large, repeat-rich genome that was shaped by subgenome exchanges over evolutionary timescales4. In contrast to many other cereal species, genomic research in oat is still at an early stage, and surveys of structural genome diversity and gene expression variability are scarce. Here we present annotated chromosome-scale sequence assemblies of 33 wild and domesticated oat lines, along with an atlas of gene expression across 6 tissues of different developmental stages in 23 of these lines. We construct an atlas of gene-expression diversity across subgenomes, accessions and tissues. Gene loss in the hexaploid is accompanied by compensatory upregulation of the remaining homeologues, but this process is constrained by subgenome divergence. Chromosomal rearrangements have substantially affected recent oat breeding. A large pericentric inversion associated with early flowering explains distorted segregation on chromosome 7D and a homeologous sequence exchange between chromosomes 2A and 2C in a semi-dwarf mutant has risen to prominence in Australian elite varieties. The oat pangenome will promote the adoption of genomic approaches to understanding the evolution and adaptation of domesticated oats and will accelerate their improvement.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09676-7

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09676-7