丹麦哥本哈根大学Eske Willerslev等研究人员合作揭示冰川期后欧亚大陆西部的人口基因组学。2024年1月10日，《自然》杂志发表了这项成果。

研究人员表示，在全新世时期，欧亚大陆西部经历了多次大规模的人类迁徙。

为了研究这些迁徙的跨洲影响，研究人员对欧亚大陆北部和西部的317个基因组进行了散弹枪测序，这些基因组主要来自中石器时代和新石器时代。研究人员将这些基因组与已发表的数据进行了比对，从而获得了来自1600多名古人类的二倍体基因型。分析揭示了一条从黑海延伸到波罗的海的“巨大鸿沟”基因组边界。中石器时代的狩猎采集者在这一区域东西两侧的基因差异很大，新石器时代的影响也同样不同。

随着农耕的引入，西部发生了大规模的祖先转移，包括许多地区的狩猎采集者几乎完全被取代，而在同一时期，该区东部却没有发生实质性的祖先转移。同样，从新石器时代过渡时期开始，西部的亲缘关系有所下降，而乌拉尔山以东地区的亲缘关系直到公元前4000年左右仍保持较高水平，这与当地狩猎采集者群体的持续存在是一致的。公元前5000年左右，与颜那亚相关的祖先在欧亚大陆西部扩散，导致第二次大更替，并在1000年的时间内到达欧洲大部分地区，边界随之消失。

颜那亚人的基因起源和命运一直难以捉摸，但研究表明，中Don地区的狩猎采集者为他们提供了祖先。颜那亚族群后来与双耳细颈椭圆尖底陶器文化有关的个体混血，然后扩展到欧洲。在西伯利亚西部也发生了类似的变迁，研究人员报告了从西伯利亚森林草原到贝加尔湖的“新石器时代草原”支系的新基因组数据。这些史前迁徙对欧亚种群的遗传多样性产生了深远而持久的影响。

附：英文原文

Title: Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Author: Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martnez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrs, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjgren, Karl-Gran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Brbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jrkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Demeter, Fabrice, Srensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nrkjr, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Jensen, Theis Zetner Trolle, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramse, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Henning Nielsen, Bjarne, Gonzlez-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepcin, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., Enshin, Dmitri, Salazar-Garca, Domingo C., Price, T. Douglas, Bori, Duan

Issue&Volume: 2024-01-10

Abstract: Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1,2,3,4,5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06865-0