德国马克斯普朗克演化人类学研究所Wolfgang Haak等研究人员合作发现，广泛的血统揭示一个新石器时代社区的社会组织结构。这一研究成果于2023年7月26日在线发表在国际学术期刊《自然》上。

研究人员报告了来自法国Gurgy 'les Noisats'遗址的100多名个体的古代DNA、锶同位素和环境数据，其年代约为公元前4850-4500年的西欧新石器时代。研究人员发现，这个墓葬群在遗传学上由两个主要的血统联系在一起，跨越七个世代，分别是父居和父系血统，有证据表明存在女性外婚以及与遗传学上相近的邻近群体进行交换的情况。与血统有联系和无联系的个体的微观人口结构揭示了有关社会结构、生活条件和遗址占用的更多信息。

没有同父异母的兄弟姐妹，而成年兄弟姐妹的数量却很多，这表明当时有稳定的健康状况和支持性的社会网络，有利于高生育率和低死亡率。按世代划分的年龄结构差异和锶同位素结果表明，该遗址的使用时间只有短短几十年，这为了解欧洲新石器时代定居农耕方式的转变提供了新的视角。

据介绍，社会人类学和人种学研究已经描述了现存人群中的亲属关系系统以及联系和交流网络。然而，对于史前社会来说，只能通过生物和文化遗存来间接研究这些系统。稳定同位素数据、死亡时的性别和年龄可以让人了解墓葬群的人口结构，并识别本地与非本地的童年特征；考古遗传学数据可以重建个体之间的生物关系，从而重建家谱；综合证据可以为史前社会的亲属关系习俗和居住模式提供信息。

附：英文原文

Title: Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organization of a Neolithic community

Author: Rivollat, Mat, Rohrlach, Adam Benjamin, Ringbauer, Harald, Childebayeva, Ainash, Mendisco, Fanny, Barquera, Rodrigo, Szolek, Andrs, Le Roy, Mlie, Colleran, Heidi, Tuke, Jonathan, Aron, Franziska, Pemonge, Marie-Hlne, Spth, Ellen, Tlouk, Philippe, Rey, Lonie, Goude, Gwenalle, Balter, Vincent, Krause, Johannes, Rottier, Stphane, Deguilloux, Marie-France, Haak, Wolfgang

Issue&Volume: 2023-07-26

Abstract: Social anthropology and ethnographic studies have described kinship systems and networks of contact and exchange in extant populations1,2,3,4. However, for prehistoric societies, these systems can be studied only indirectly from biological and cultural remains. Stable isotope data, sex and age at death can provide insights into the demographic structure of a burial community and identify local versus non-local childhood signatures, archaeogenetic data can reconstruct the biological relationships between individuals, which enables the reconstruction of pedigrees, and combined evidence informs on kinship practices and residence patterns in prehistoric societies. Here we report ancient DNA, strontium isotope and contextual data from more than 100 individuals from the site Gurgy ‘les Noisats’ (France), dated to the western European Neolithic around 4850–4500BC. We find that this burial community was genetically connected by two main pedigrees, spanning seven generations, that were patrilocal and patrilineal, with evidence for female exogamy and exchange with genetically close neighbouring groups. The microdemographic structure of individuals linked and unlinked to the pedigrees reveals additional information about the social structure, living conditions and site occupation. The absence of half-siblings and the high number of adult full siblings suggest that there were stable health conditions and a supportive social network, facilitating high fertility and low mortality5. Age-structure differences and strontium isotope results by generation indicate that the site was used for just a few decades, providing new insights into shifting sedentary farming practices during the European Neolithic.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06350-8

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06350-8