美国斯坦福大学Justin L. Sonnenburg等研究人员合作发现，哈扎狩猎采集者的超深度测序恢复消失的肠道微生物。相关论文于2023年6月21日在线发表在《细胞》杂志上。

研究人员对来自坦桑尼亚哈扎狩猎采集者以及尼泊尔和加利福尼亚的比较人群的351个粪便样本进行了超深度元基因组测序。研究人员回收了91662种细菌、古细菌、噬菌体和真核生物的基因组，其中44%在现有的统一数据集中没有出现。研究人员确定了124个在工业化人群中消失的肠道驻留物种，并强调了哈扎肠道微生物组与原地复制率、选择特征和菌种共享有关的不同方面。工业化的肠道微生物被发现富含与氧化压力有关的基因，这可能是微生物组适应炎症过程的结果。哈扎人肠道微生物组的这一无与伦比的观点提供了宝贵的资源，扩大了人们对能够定植于人类肠道的微生物的了解，并澄清了工业化生活方式所引起的广泛扰动。

据介绍，肠道微生物组能调节免疫和代谢健康。人类微生物组数据偏向于工业化人群，限制了人们对非工业化微生物组的了解。

附：英文原文

Title: Ultra-deep sequencing of Hadza hunter-gatherers recovers vanishing gut microbes

Author: Matthew M. Carter, Matthew R. Olm, Bryan D. Merrill, Dylan Dahan, Surya Tripathi, Sean P. Spencer, Feiqiao B. Yu, Sunit Jain, Norma Neff, Aashish R. Jha, Erica D. Sonnenburg, Justin L. Sonnenburg

Issue&Volume: 2023-06-21

Abstract: The gut microbiome modulates immune and metabolic health. Human microbiome data are biased toward industrialized populations, limiting our understanding of non-industrialized microbiomes. Here, we performed ultra-deep metagenomic sequencing on 351 fecal samples from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania and comparative populations in Nepal and California. We recovered 91,662 genomes of bacteria, archaea, bacteriophages, and eukaryotes, 44% of which are absent from existing unified datasets. We identified 124 gut-resident species vanishing in industrialized populations and highlighted distinct aspects of the Hadza gut microbiome related to in situ replication rates, signatures of selection, and strain sharing. Industrialized gut microbes were found to be enriched in genes associated with oxidative stress, possibly a result of microbiome adaptation to inflammatory processes. This unparalleled view of the Hadza gut microbiome provides a valuable resource, expands our understanding of microbes capable of colonizing the human gut, and clarifies the extensive perturbation induced by the industrialized lifestyle.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.046

Source: https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(23)00597-4