美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学王朝阳团队报道了高比能锂离子电池的快速充电。相关研究成果于2022年10月12日发表在国际知名学术期刊《自然》。
具有富镍层状氧化物阴极和石墨阳极的锂离子电池的比能量已达到250–300Whkg-1，可以建造一个具有300英里巡航里程的90kWh电动汽车（EV）电池组。不幸的是，由于原材料供应有限，成本高得令人望而却步，使用如此巨大的电池来缓解里程焦虑对于主流电动汽车的采用是无效的。十分钟快速充电可使电动汽车电池体积缩小，既经济又可持续，而不会引起里程焦虑。然而，高比能电池（大于250Whkg-1或大于4mAhcm-2）的快速充电仍然是一个巨大的挑战。
该文中，研究人员将基于非对称温度调制的材料不可知方法与热稳定的双盐电解质相结合，以实现在12（或11）分钟内将265Whkg-1电池充电至75%（或70%）充电状态，并进行900（或2000）次以上的循环。这相当于50万英里范围内的每一次充电都是快速充电。此外，研究人员还构建了一个此类电池组的数字孪生模型，以评估其冷却和安全性，并证明热调制4C充电只需要空气对流。这为电池到封装的开发提供了一条紧凑且本质安全的途径。仅在快速充电期间产生高活性电化学界面的快速热调制方法，对于实现下一代材料（包括硅和锂金属等阳极）的稳定性和快速充电具有重要潜力。
附：英文原文
Title: Fast charging of energy-dense lithium-ion batteries
Author: Wang, Chao-Yang, Liu, Teng, Yang, Xiao-Guang, Ge, Shanhai, Stanley, Nathaniel V., Rountree, Eric S., Leng, Yongjun, McCarthy, Brian D.
Issue&Volume: 2022-10-12
Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries with nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes and graphite anodes have reached specific energies of 250–300Whkg1 (refs. 1,2), and it is now possible to build a 90kWh electric vehicle (EV) pack with a 300-mile cruise range. Unfortunately, using such massive batteries to alleviate range anxiety is ineffective for mainstream EV adoption owing to the limited raw resource supply and prohibitively high cost. Ten-minute fast charging enables downsizing of EV batteries for both affordability and sustainability, without causing range anxiety. However, fast charging of energy-dense batteries (more than 250Whkg1 or higher than 4mAhcm2) remains a great challenge3,4. Here we combine a material-agnostic approach based on asymmetric temperature modulation with a thermally stable dual-salt electrolyte to achieve charging of a 265Whkg1 battery to 75% (or 70%) state of charge in 12 (or 11) minutes for more than 900 (or 2,000) cycles. This is equivalent to a half million mile range in which every charge is a fast charge. Further, we build a digital twin of such a battery pack to assess its cooling and safety and demonstrate that thermally modulated 4C charging only requires air convection. This offers a compact and intrinsically safe route to cell-to-pack development. The rapid thermal modulation method to yield highly active electrochemical interfaces only during fast charging has important potential to realize both stability and fast charging of next-generation materials, including anodes like silicon and lithium metal.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05281-0
Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05281-0