《自然》（20260423出版）一周论文导读

 

编译|李言

Nature, 23 April 2026, Volume 652 Issue 8111

《自然》2026年4月23日，第652卷，8111期

物理Physics

Continuously tunable coherent pulse generation in a semiconductor laser

半导体激光器的连续可调谐相干脉冲的生成

▲ 作者：Urban Senica, Michael A. Schreiber et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10387-w

▲摘要：

研究者展示了一种单片集成半导体激光器。该激光器利用微波驱动信号，沿整个激光腔体引入时空增益调制，从而产生群速度连续可调的腔内锁模脉冲，实现了从4GHz到16GHz的连续可调重复频率。

在输出端，频域上产生模间距连续可调的光频梳，时域上则产生重复频率连续可调的相干脉冲序列。

这一成果为完全可调谐的芯片级激光器和光频梳铺平了道路，将惠及从基础研究到高分辨率光谱学、双光梳光谱学等多个领域。

▲ Abstract：

Here we overcome this fundamental limit by demonstrating a monolithic semiconductor laser with a continuously tunable repetition rate from 4?GHz up to 16?GHz, by using a microwave driving signal that induces a spatiotemporal gain modulation along the entire laser cavity, generating intracavity mode-locked pulses with a continuously tunable group velocity. At the output, frequency combs with continuously tunable mode spacings are generated in the frequency domain, and coherent pulse trains with continuously tunable repetition rates are generated in the time domain. Our results pave the way for fully tunable chip-scale lasers and frequency combs, which will be advantageous for use in a diverse variety of fields, from fundamental studies to applications such as high-resolution and dual-comb spectroscopy.

化学Chemistry

Direct conversion from alkenes to alkynes

烯烃直接转化为炔烃

▲ 作者：Junhong Meng  (蒙骏鸿), Yiqi Liang  (梁亦奇) et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10372-3

▲摘要：

研究者展示了一种可回收的硒蒽试剂。该试剂能够在温和条件下介导烯烃脱氢生成炔烃。

这种方法不仅与经典离去基团兼容，也与敏感官能团相容，可用于复杂炔烃的高效后期合成。

此外，该平台还实现了现有方法无法完成的Z/E烯烃构型翻转或分选，凸显了其在多样化下游衍生化中的潜力。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report a recyclable selenanthrene reagent that mediates alkenes desaturation to alkynes under mild conditions. This method shows broad compatibility with both classical leaving groups and sensitive functional groups, enabling application late-stage in the efficient synthesis of complex alkynes. Moreover, this platform enables Z/E alkenes configuration inversion or sorting that are inaccessible with existing methods, highlighting its potential for diverse downstream derivatizations.

人工智能Artificial Intelligence

Outplaying elite table tennis players with an autonomous robot

机器人战胜顶尖乒乓球选手

▲ 作者：Peter Dürr, Mireille El Gheche et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10338-5

▲摘要：

研究者开发了Ace——目前首个能与人类精英乒乓球选手抗衡的自动系统。Ace通过基于事件视觉传感器的高速感知系统、基于无模型强化学习的控制系统以及最先进的高速机器人硬件，解决了物理实时交互中的挑战。

在按正式比赛规则与精英级和职业级选手的对战中，Ace取得了多场胜利，并展现出稳定回击高速、强旋转球的能力。

这些结果突显了物理AI智能体在复杂实时交互任务中的潜力，预示着在需要快速、精准人机交互的领域拥有更广泛的应用前景。

▲ Abstract：

Here we present Ace, to our knowledge the first real-world autonomous system competitive with elite human table tennis players. Ace addresses the challenges of physical real-time interaction through a new, high-speed perception system using event-based vision sensors4, and a new control system based on model-free reinforcement learning, as well as state-of-the-art high-speed robot hardware. Evaluated in matches against elite and professional players under official competition rules, Ace achieved several victories and demonstrated consistent returns of high-speed, high-spin shots. These results highlight the potential of physical AI agents to perform complex, real-time interactive tasks, suggesting broader applications in domains requiring fast, precise human–robot interaction.

天文学Astronomy

Non-equilibrium condensation of the first Solar System solids

太阳系最早固体物质的非平衡凝聚

▲ 作者：Sébastien Charnoz, Jér?me Aléon et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10257-5

▲摘要：

在此，研究者验证了“球粒陨石前驱体通过动力学非平衡凝聚形成”的假说。

利用新开发的时间依赖凝聚模型，研究者展示了改变冷却速率和压力仅会产生三种矿物学类型。偏离平衡条件会导致矿物学性质向更氧化和更含水的方向演变。

将预测的矿物学类型投影到Urey-Craig图解时，其氧化还原状态接近顽火辉石球粒陨石、普通球粒陨石和碳质球粒陨石。

这一结果表明，球粒陨石的矿物学多样性可能部分反映了局域凝聚动力学过程，为氧化条件的大尺度变化假说提供了替代性解释。

▲ Abstract：

Here we test the hypothesis that chondrite precursors formed via kinetic non-equilibrium condensation. Using a new time-dependent condensation model, we show that varying the cooling rate and pressure produce only three types of mineralogies. Departure from equilibrium yields increasingly oxidized and hydrous mineralogies. When projected into a Urey–Craig diagram, the predicted mineralogical types fall close to the redox states of enstatite, ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites. These results suggest that the mineralogical diversity of chondrites may reflect, in part, local condensation kinetics, offering an alternative to large-scale variations of oxidation conditions.

生物学Biology

Pre-incision structures reveal principles of DNA nucleotide excision repair

切割前结构揭示DNA核苷酸切除修复的原理

▲ 作者：Eric C. L. Li, Jinseok Kim et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10122-5

▲摘要：

研究者展示了ATP酶驱动和病变依赖的DNA泡形成的功能步骤和原子结构，以及双切口完整NER因子的排列。近30个碱基对的DNA解旋主要依赖于双链DNA转位酶XPB以及双链分隔因子XPA和XPF。

XPD与损伤链结合，而XPF位于5′ds-ss连接处。XPF仅在XPG结合至3′ds-ss结后，才能对损伤链进行切割。

XPF的ERCC1亚基促进DNA链分离并招募RPA至非损伤链。这些发现为人类疾病的病因以及提高化疗疗效的潜在靶点提供了深入见解。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report the functional steps and atomic structures of the ATPase-driven and lesion-dependent DNA bubble formation and arrangement of the complete NER factors for dual incision. The unwinding of nearly 30?base pairs of DNA depends mainly on the double strand DNA translocase XPB and the duplex dividers XPA and XPF. XPD binds the lesion strand with XPF at the 5′ ds-ss junction. XPF cuts the lesion strand only after XPG binds the 3′ ds-ss junction. The ERCC1 subunit of XPF facilitates DNA strand separation and recruitment of RPA to the non-lesion strand. These findings provide insights on the causes of human diseases and potential targets for enhancing chemotherapeutic efficacy.

古生物学Paleontology

A chelicera-bearing arthropod reveals the Cambrian origin of chelicerates

携带螯肢的节肢动物揭示螯肢动物的寒武纪起源

▲ 作者：Rudy Lerosey-Aubril & Javier Ortega-Hernández

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10284-2

▲摘要：

研究者在此描述并命名了库斯托巨螯虫（新属新种），一种产自犹他州中寒武统的大型软躯体节肢动物。

该物种具有巨大的三节型螯肢，五对具双分支结构的前体附肢（其外肢叶为非叶片状），以及带有板状叶片的后体附肢。贝叶斯法与简约法系统发育分析将库斯托巨螯虫解析为螯肢动物干群成员，它填补了寒武纪哈贝尔类与后寒武纪具螯肢联壳鲎类。

这一发现为寒武纪存在大型捕食性螯肢动物提供了确凿证据，阐明了其身体构型的起源，并确认了哈贝尔类、莫利索尼类以及很可能的大附肢类均属于螯肢动物总群的成员。

▲ Abstract：

Here we describe Megachelicerax cousteaui gen. et sp. nov., a large soft-bodied arthropod from the middle Cambrian of Utah featuring massive three-segmented chelicerae, along with five pairs of pseudobiramous prosomal limbs with non-foliaceous exopodal rami, and plate-like lamellae-bearing opisthosomal appendages. Bayesian and parsimony phylogenetic analyses resolve Megachelicerax as a stem-group chelicerate bridging Cambrian habeliids and post-Cambrian chelicerae-bearing synziphosurines. This finding provides unequivocal evidence of large predatory chelicerates in the Cambrian, illuminates their body plan’s origin, and confirms habeliids, mollisoniids and probably megacheirans as members of total-group Chelicerata.

编辑|方圆

排版|志海