编译|冯维维

Nature, 10 July 2025, Volume 643 Issue 8071

《自然》2025年7月10日,643卷，8071期

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行星科学Planetary Science

Ultra-depleted mantle source of basalts from the South Pole–Aitken basin南极-艾特肯盆地玄武岩的超亏损地幔源区

▲ 作者：Qin Zhou, Wei Yang, Zhuyin Chu, Honggang Zhu, Saihong Yang, Xingguo Zeng, Ding-Shuai Xue, Li-Hui Jia, Guangliang Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Yanhao Lin, Huijuan Zhang, Heng-Ci Tian, Peng Peng, Dan-Ping Zhang, Lixin Gu, Chunlai Li & Fu-Yuan Wu

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09131-7

▲摘要：

月海玄武岩为揭示月球地幔性质、月球成分不对称性及早期月球岩浆洋（LMO）演化提供了关键线索。然而，月球背面巨大的南极—艾特肯（SPA）盆地下方地幔的特征仍属未解之谜。本文报道了嫦娥六号任务首批SPA盆地月球背面样品——玄武岩碎片的岩石学与地球化学特征。这些年龄为28亿年的CE6玄武岩，其主量元素组成与最演化的阿波罗12号钛铁矿玄武岩相似，但表现出极端的Sr-Nd亏损特征。

这些特征指示其源自超亏损地幔，该地幔可能由LMO结晶分异形成，或后期熔体抽取导致进一步亏损。前者意味着月球正面与背面可能具有同位素特征相似的亏损地幔端元；后者则可能与SPA撞击事件相关，表明吸积期后的巨型撞击可能触发下伏地幔的大规模熔体抽取。无论源自LMO阶段还是后期熔体抽取，SPA盆地下方的超亏损地幔都为研究月球早期壳幔分异提供了深部观测窗口。

▲ Abstract：

Lunar mare basalts illuminate the nature of the Moon’s mantle, the lunar compositional asymmetry and the early lunar magma ocean (LMO). However, the characteristics of the mantle beneath the vast South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin on the lunar farside remain a mystery. Here we present the petrology and geochemistry of basalt fragments from Chang’e-6 (CE6), the first returned lunar farside samples from the SPA basin. These 2.8-billion-year-old CE6 basalts share similar major element compositions with the most evolved Apollo 12 ilmenite basalts. They exhibit extreme Sr–Nd depletion, with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.699237 to 0.699329 and εNd(t) values (a measure of the neodymium isotopic composition) of 15.80 to 16.13. These characteristics indicate an ultra-depleted mantle, resulting from LMO crystallization and/or later depletion by melt extraction. The former scenario implies that the nearside and farside may possess an isotopically analogous depleted mantle endmember. The latter is probably related to the SPA impact, indicating that post-accretion massive impacts could have potentially triggered large-scale melt extraction of the underlying mantle. Either way, originating during the LMO or later melt extraction, the ultra-depleted mantle beneath the SPA basin offers a deep observational window into early lunar crust–mantle differentiation.

物理学Physics

Spin-qubit control with a milli-kelvin CMOS chip

基于毫开尔文CMOS芯片的自旋量子比特控制

▲ 作者：Samuel K. Bartee, Will Gilbert, Kun Zuo, Kushal Das, Tuomo Tanttu, Chih Hwan Yang, Nard Dumoulin Stuyck, Sebastian J. Pauka, Rocky Y. Su, Wee Han Lim, Santiago Serrano, Christopher C. Escott, Fay E. Hudson, Kohei M. Itoh, Arne Laucht, Andrew S. Dzurak & David J. Reilly

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09157-x

▲摘要：

自旋量子比特的关键优势在于其亚微米级尺寸，使得单个硅芯片可集成数百万个量子比特，从而实现具有纠错功能的实用量子算法。然而，每个物理量子比特需要多条控制线路，连接量子器件与外部控制读出设备的线路密度成为规模化发展的根本障碍。

一种可行方案是将控制系统以异质集成方式部署在量子比特平台附近的毫开尔文温区，通过微型互连线路连接。即便如此，紧密集成控制带来的热量和串扰可能影响量子比特性能，特别是对电噪声敏感、基于交换耦合的双量子比特纠缠门。

研究者对由异质集成的低温互补金属氧化物半导体（cryo-CMOS）电路控制的硅MOS型电子自旋量子比特进行基准测试，该电路功率密度足够低以实现规模化。实验证明cryo-CMOS能高效执行自旋量子比特的通用逻辑操作，且毫开尔文温区控制对单/双量子比特门性能影响甚微。考虑到亚开尔文温区CMOS平台（集成约10万个晶体管）的复杂性，该结果为基于“小芯片式”控制架构、将自旋量子比特与控制系统紧密集成的可扩展控制方案开辟了前景。

▲ Abstract：

A key virtue of spin qubits is their sub-micron footprint, enabling a single silicon chip to host the millions of qubits required to execute useful quantum algorithms with error correction. However, with each physical qubit needing multiple control lines, a fundamental barrier to scale is the extreme density of connections that bridge quantum devices to their external control and readout hardware. A promising solution is to co-locate the control system proximal to the qubit platform at milli-kelvin temperatures, wired up by miniaturized interconnects. Even so, heat and crosstalk from closely integrated control have the potential to degrade qubit performance, particularly for two-qubit entangling gates based on exchange coupling that are sensitive to electrical noise. Here we benchmark silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS)-style electron spin qubits controlled by heterogeneously integrated cryo-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (cryo-CMOS) circuits with a power density sufficiently low to enable scale-up. Demonstrating that cryo-CMOS can efficiently perform universal logic operations for spin qubits, we go on to show that milli-kelvin control has little impact on the performance of single- and two-qubit gates. Given the complexity of our sub-kelvin CMOS platform, with about 100,000 transistors, these results open the prospect of scalable control based on the tight packaging of spin qubits with a ‘chiplet-style’ control architecture.

器件与CMOS基础操作。图片来自：Nature

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Bioinspired capillary force-driven super-adhesive filter

仿生毛细力驱动型超粘附过滤器

▲ 作者：Junyong Park, Chan Sik Moon, Ji Min Lee, Sazzadul A. Rahat, Sang Moon Kim, Jonathan T. Pham, Michael Kappl, Hans-Jürgen Butt & Sanghyuk Wooh

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09156-y

▲摘要：

传统空气过滤器在捕获具有低纳米牛顿级粘附力的颗粒方面仍面临持续挑战。受黏液覆盖的鼻毛所具有的天然过滤能力启发，我们开发了一种利用薄液层的高效仿生过滤器。

本研究证明，在多种过滤介质表面形成的稳定薄液层能产生微牛顿至亚微牛顿量级的毛细作用力，从而显著增强颗粒粘附。这种强化粘附作用在保持空气渗透性的同时提升了空气中颗粒物的过滤效率，既可延长过滤器使用寿命，又能实现节能效果。

此外，被捕获颗粒的强粘附性使过滤器在高速气流下仍能保持有效过滤，并抑制颗粒的二次扩散。研究者预期这种薄液层过滤器将为颗粒物过滤系统的创新提供新思路。

▲ Abstract：

Capturing particles with low, nanonewton-scale adhesion is an ongoing challenge for conventional air filters. Inspired by the natural filtration abilities of mucus-coated nasal hairs, we introduce an efficient, biomimetic filter that exploits a thin liquid coating. Here we show that a stable thin liquid layer is formed on several filter media that generates enhanced particulate adhesion, driven by micronewton to sub-micronewton capillary forces. Enhanced particle adhesion increases the filtration of airborne particulates while maintaining air permeability, providing longer filter lifetime and increased energy savings. Moreover, strong adhesion of the captured particles enables effective filtration under high-speed airflow as well as suppression of particle redispersion. We anticipate that these filters with thin liquid layers afford a new way to innovate particulate matter filtering systems.
化学Chemistry

In-line NMR guided orthogonal transformation of real-life plastics

在线核磁共振引导的实际塑料的正交转化

▲ 作者：Mei-Qi Zhang, Yida Zhou, Ruochen Cao, Shuheng Tian, Yuchen Jiao, Zhenbo Guo, Maolin Wang, Hongpeng Peng, Bo Sun, Bingjun Xu, Meng Wang, Shutao Xu & Ding Ma

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09088-7

▲摘要：

全球塑料废弃物累积危机正威胁野生动物和生态系统。将塑料废物转化为高值化学品和燃料的催化工艺提供了有前景的解决方案。然而，由于真实生活塑料混合物成分与结构的多样性，其回收或升级回收面临巨大挑战。

研究者提出一种产物导向策略，利用塑料混合物中不同官能团反应活性的正交性来制备高值产物。该策略通过识别官能团，进而选择性转化混合物中的特定组分。他们采用聚苯乙烯、聚乳酸、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯的混合物及真实生活塑料，验证了该策略的可行性与有效性。这些组分在物理化学性质上的差异性通常阻碍直接回收，却为本文提出的定向提取转化策略提供了契机。

以20克真实生活塑料混合物——含聚苯乙烯泡沫、聚乳酸吸管、聚氨酯导管、聚碳酸酯面罩、聚氯乙烯塑料袋、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯瓶、聚乙烯滴管和聚丙烯瓶——为原料，他们获得了8种以上分离产物：1.3克苯甲酸、0.5克增塑剂、0.7克丙氨酸、0.7克乳酸、1.4克芳香胺盐、2.1克双酚A、2.0克对苯二甲酸及3.5克C3–C6烷烃。

研究揭示了基于塑料化学本质设计复杂废塑料转化策略的潜力，为混合废塑料的终端管理开辟了新路径。

▲ Abstract：

The global crisis of plastic waste accumulation threatens wildlife and ecosystems1. Catalytic processes that convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals and fuels offer promising solutions2. Recycling or upcycling of real-life plastic mixtures is challenging owing to their diverse composition and structure3. Here we propose a product-oriented strategy leveraging the orthogonality in reactivities of different functional groups in plastic mixtures to yield valuable products. This approach involves identifying functional groups followed by converting a selective component in the mixture to valuable products. We use mixtures of polystyrene, polylactic acid, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene and polypropylene, as well as real-life plastics, to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The diverse physical and chemical properties of these components, which typically hinder direct recovery, offer opportunities for extraction and transformation with the proposed strategy. From a 20-g mixture of real-life plastics, including polystyrene foam, a polylactic acid straw, a polyurethane tube, a polycarbonate mask, a polyvinyl chloride bag, a polyethylene terephthalate bottle, a polyethylene dropper and a polypropylene bottle, we obtained more than 8 separate chemicals: 1.3 g of benzoic acid, 0.5 g of plasticizer, 0.7 g of alanine, 0.7 g of lactic acid, 1.4 g of aromatic amine salt, 2.1 g of bisphenol A, 2.0 g of terephthalic acid and 3.5 g of C3–C6 alkanes. This study reveals the potential for designing transformation strategies for complex plastic waste based on their chemical nature and opens paths for managing end-of-life plastic mixtures.

生态学Ecology

Nanoplastic concentrations across the North Atlantic

北大西洋纳米塑料浓度分布

▲ 作者：Sophie ten Hietbrink, Du?an Materi?, Rupert Holzinger, Sjoerd Groeskamp & Helge Niemann

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09218-1

▲摘要：

海洋塑料污染普遍存在，目前研究主要集中于宏观塑料与微塑料。相比之下，海洋纳米塑料（小于1微米）的量化研究严重不足，导致对这一尺寸级别塑料的质量预算认知存在空白。本研究通过横跨北大西洋（从副热带环流到欧洲北部陆架）的断面观测，首次实现了大洋尺度的纳米塑料浓度测量。

结果显示，整个水柱中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚苯乙烯（PS）和聚氯乙烯（PVC）纳米塑料浓度约为1.5–32.0毫克/立方米。混合层纳米塑料平均浓度较中层水体高1.4倍，其中欧洲大陆邻近海域混合层浓度最高。副热带环流区中层水体纳米塑料浓度是环流外开阔北大西洋的1.8倍。底层水体纳米塑料浓度最低（平均约5.5毫克/立方米），且以PET为主。

据估算，温带至副热带北大西洋混合层纳米塑料质量可能高达2700万吨，与既往研究估算的整个大西洋或全球海洋的宏观/微塑料总量相当甚至更高。本研究表明，纳米塑料可能构成海洋塑料污染的主要组分。

▲ Abstract：

Plastic pollution of the marine realm is widespread, with most scientific attention given to macroplastics and microplastics. By contrast, ocean nanoplastics (<1 μm) remain largely unquantified, leaving gaps in our understanding of the mass budget of this plastic size class. Here we measure nanoplastic concentrations on an ocean-basin scale along a transect crossing the North Atlantic from the subtropical gyre to the northern European shelf. We find approximately 1.5–32.0 mg m-3 of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanoplastics throughout the entire water column. On average, we observe a 1.4-fold higher concentration of nanoplastics in the mixed layer when compared with intermediate water depth, with highest mixed-layer nanoplastic concentrations near the European continent. Nanoplastic concentrations at intermediate water depth are 1.8-fold higher in the subtropical gyre compared with the open North Atlantic outside the gyre. The lowest nanoplastic concentrations, with about 5.5 mg m-3 on average and predominantly composed of PET, are present in bottom waters. For the mixed layer of the temperate to subtropical North Atlantic, we estimate that the mass of nanoplastic may amount to 27 million tonnes (Mt). This is in the same range or exceeding previous budget estimates of macroplastics/microplastics for the entire Atlantic or the global ocean. Our findings suggest that nanoplastics comprise the dominant fraction of marine plastic pollution.