编译|李言

Nature, 1 May 2025, Volume 641 Issue 8061

《自然》2025年5月1日，第641卷，8061期

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材料科学Material Sciences

Atomic lift-off of epitaxial membranes for cooling-free infrared detection

可用于无制冷红外探测的原子级剥离外延薄膜技术

▲ 作者：Xinyuan Zhang, Owen Ericksen et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08874-7

▲摘要：

在此，我们提出了一种无需人工释放层即可实现超薄膜原子级精度剥离的技术，为规模化生产可扩展的自支撑钙钛矿超薄系统提供了高效方案。通过理论解析与实验验证，我们揭示了铅元素在界面弱化中的关键作用。

据此可开发出普适性剥离策略，用于制备厚度小于10纳米的多种钙钛矿超薄薄膜。得益于其极限厚度和自支撑特性，我们制备的热释电薄膜实现了1.76×10^-2Cm^-2K^-1的创纪录高热释电系数。该方法进一步推动了全远红外波段无制冷探测器的制备，标志着探测器技术的重大突破。

▲ Abstract：

Here we introduce a technique that achieves atomic precision lift-off of ultrathin membranes without artificial release layers to facilitate the high-throughput production of scalable, ultrathin, freestanding perovskite systems. Leveraging both theoretical insights and empirical evidence, we have identified the pivotal role of lead in weakening the interface. This insight has led to the creation of a universal exfoliation strategy that enables the production of diverse ultrathin perovskite membranes less than 10 nm. Our pyroelectric membranes demonstrate a record-high pyroelectric coefficient of 1.76×10^-2 C m^-2 K^-1, attributed to their exceptionally low thickness and freestanding nature. Moreover, this method offers an approach to manufacturing cooling-free detectors that can cover the full far-infrared spectrum, marking a notable advancement in detector technology.

Metal-centred planar [15]annulenes

金属中心平面[15]轮烯

▲ 作者：Binbin Xu, Dafa Chen et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08841-2

▲摘要：

在此，我们成功制备了三种金属中心平面[15]轮烯结构。其中对称性最高的片段具有D5h对称性，金属中心与五个完全相同的五元环共享配位。密度泛函理论计算表明，金属d轨道参与这些五元环的共轭体系，使所有环均呈现芳香性。

该整体骨架与含多个氮供体的金属扩展卟啉在结构和光谱特征上存在松散相似性，从而在轮烯化学与经典杂原子配位化学之间建立了关联。当前体系展现出高稳定性且易于功能化，我们认为金属中心平面轮烯有望成为材料科学领域的新型优势构筑基元。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report the preparation of three metal-centred planar [15]annulene frameworks. The most symmetrical fragment has D5h symmetry, with the metal centre shared by five identical five-membered rings. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that metal d orbitals participate in conjugation with these five-membered rings, rendering all of them aromatic. The overall framework bears a loose structural and spectroscopic analogy to metallo-expanded porphyrins with multiple aza donors, which thus provides a nexus between annulene chemistry and classic heteroatom-based coordination chemistry. The present systems display high stability and are easily functionalized. We thus suggest that metal-centred planar annulenes could emerge as promising building blocks for materials science.

地理人类学Geoanthropology

Hunter-gatherer sea voyages extended to remotest Mediterranean islands

狩猎采集者跨海航行远至地中海最偏远的岛屿

▲ 作者：Eleanor M. L. Scerri, James Blinkhorn et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08780-y

▲摘要：

在此，我们描述了可以证实马耳他群岛在全新世时期存在狩猎采集者活动的年代学、考古学、动物群与植物群证据。当时，马耳他的地理形态与海平面高度已接近现代，这意味着他们必须跨越约100公里的航程才能从最近的陆地西西里岛抵达。

这些人类活动约始于8.5千年前，并可能持续至7.5千年前。这些狩猎采集者不仅开发陆地动物资源，还能利用海洋生物与鸟类资源，从而在小型岛屿上维持群体生存。我们的发现记录了地中海地区迄今已知最远古的狩猎采集者跨海迁徙，暗示着该区域可能存在着尚未被认知的史前跨海联系网络。

▲ Abstract：

Here we describe chronological, archaeological, faunal and botanical data that support the presence of Holocene hunter-gatherers on the Maltese islands. At this time, Malta’s geographical configuration and sea levels approximated those of the present day, necessitating seafaring distances of around 100 km from Sicily, the closest landmass. Occupations began at around 8.5 ka and are likely to have lasted until around 7.5ka. These hunter-gatherers exploited land animals, but were also able to take advantage of marine resources and avifauna, helping to sustain these groups on a small island. Our discoveries document the longest yet-known hunter-gatherer sea crossings in the Mediterranean, raising the possibility of unknown, precocious connections across the wider region.

农业Agriculture

Perception of viral infections and initiation of antiviral defence in rice

水稻病毒感染的感知与抗病毒防御机制的启动

▲ 作者：Yu Huang, Jialin Yang et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08706-8

▲摘要：

在此，通过昆虫媒介携带天然病毒接种感染水稻的实验体系，我们首次揭示病毒外壳蛋白可被RING1–IBR–RING2型泛素连接酶（RBRL）感知，从而启动水稻自然抗病毒应答的第一步。

RBRL随后通过泛素化系统靶向降解茉莉酸通路转录抑制复合体的适配蛋白NINJA3，诱导茉莉酸信号传导并激活下游抗病毒防御。我们进一步证实该机制是水稻感知病毒感染并启动抗病毒信号级联的普遍分子机制。该发现不仅为深入理解病毒—宿主互作及进一步的抗病育种研究都提供了更深入的了解。

▲ Abstract：

Here, through the natural infection of rice by inoculation with insect vectors carrying the natural forms of viruses, we show that viral coat proteins are perceived by the RING1–IBR–RING2-type ubiquitin ligase (RBRL), initiating the first step of the natural antiviral response in rice. RBRL subsequently targets an adaptor protein of the transcriptional repression complex of the jasmonate pathway, NOVEL INTERACTOR OF JAZ 3 (NINJA3), for degradation through the ubiquitination system, inducing jasmonate signalling and activating downstream antiviral defence. We further show that this phenomenon is a universal molecular mechanism used by rice plants to perceive viral infections and initiate antiviral signalling cascades. This approach is important not only for obtaining a deeper understanding of virus–host interactions but also for further disease resistance breeding.

医学Medicine

Prohormone cleavage prediction uncovers a non-incretin anti-obesity peptide

激素原裂解预测发现新型非肠促胰岛素类抗肥胖肽

▲ 作者：Laetitia Coassolo, Niels B. Danneskiold-Samsøe et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08683-y

▲摘要：

在此，我们通过计算药物发现技术，系统绘制了2600余种未被表征的前激素转化酶裂解肽段图谱，并从中鉴定出新型生物活性肽。基于该方法，我们发现一种12肽——BRINP2相关肽（BRP）。

药理学实验表明，BRP给药可减少小鼠和猪的摄食量，并展现抗肥胖效应，且不会引发恶心或厌食反应。机制研究发现，BRP通过中枢神经系统FOS蛋白激活发挥作用，且不依赖于瘦素、GLP-1受体及黑皮质素4受体信号通路。这些成果不仅建立了生物活性肽发现新方法，更从药理学角度证实BRP可作为体重调节的潜在治疗靶点。

▲ Abstract：

Here we use computational drug discovery to systematically map more than 2,600 previously uncharacterized human proteolytic peptide fragments cleaved by prohormone convertases, enabling the identification of novel bioactive peptides. Using this approach, we identified a 12-mer peptide, BRINP2-related peptide (BRP). When administered pharmacologically, BRP reduces food intake and exhibits anti-obesity effects in mice and pigs without inducing nausea or aversion. Mechanistically, BRP administration triggers central FOS activation and acts independently of leptin, GLP-1 receptor and melanocortin 4 receptor. Together, these data introduce a method to identify new bioactive peptides and establish pharmacologically that BRP may be useful for therapeutic modulation of body weight.

地球科学Earth Science

Canopy functional trait variation across Earth’s tropical forests

全球热带森林冠层功能性状变化

▲ 作者：Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Sami W. Rifai et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08663-2

▲摘要：

在此，通过整合超过1800个植被样地的实测数据（包括树木性状）、卫星遥感、地形、气候与土壤数据，我们预测了13种树木形态、结构和化学功能性状的变异格局，并据此计算绘制了热带森林功能多样性图谱。

我们的研究发现，美洲、非洲和亚洲热带森林在整体功能性状空间中呈现显著的区域分异。美洲热带森林的功能丰富度预计比非洲和亚洲高出40%。然而，非洲森林的功能离散度最高——分别比美洲和亚洲森林高出32%和7%。不确定性分析进一步明确了需优先补充数据的重点区域，这些数据将优化现有图谱精度。

该预测模型首次实现了基于地面观测与遥感协同的全球尺度解析，系统揭示了热带森林冠层功能性状的空间变异规律及其驱动机制。

▲ Abstract：

Here, by combining field-collected data from more than 1,800 vegetation plots and tree traits with satellite remote-sensing, terrain, climate and soil data, we predict variation across 13 morphological, structural and chemical functional traits of trees, and use this to compute and map the functional diversity of tropical forests. Our findings reveal that the tropical Americas, Africa and Asia tend to occupy different portions of the total functional trait space available across tropical forests. Tropical American forests are predicted to have 40% greater functional richness than tropical African and Asian forests. Meanwhile, African forests have the highest functional divergence—32% and 7% higher than that of tropical American and Asian forests, respectively. An uncertainty analysis highlights priority regions for further data collection, which would refine and improve these maps. Our predictions represent a ground-based and remotely enabled global analysis of how and why the functional traits of tropical forest canopies vary across space.