Science, 28 MAR 2025, VOL 387, ISSUE 6741

《科学》2025年3月28日，第387卷，6741期

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地球科学Earth Science

Abrupt sea level rise and Earth’s gradual pole shift reveal permanent hydrological regime changes in the 21st century

突发海平面上升与地球逐渐极移揭示21世纪永久性水文情势变化

▲ 作者：Ki-Weon Seo, Dongryeol Ryu et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq6529

▲摘要：

大气和海洋温度持续上升已导致陆地水循环及地表水通量（如降水与蒸散发）发生显著变化，可能引发陆地水储量的突变。

欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）第五代再分析数据（ERA5）的土壤湿度产品显示，21世纪初全球土壤水分出现急剧流失——2000至2002年间流失量约达1614千兆吨，远超格陵兰冰盖同期（2002—2006年）约900千兆吨的消融量。

2003至2016年间土壤水分继续流失，又损失1009千兆吨。全球平均海平面上升（约4.4毫米）与地球极移（约45厘米）两项独立观测数据印证了这一流失趋势。降水减少与持续稳定的蒸散发可能是主因，且截至2021年土壤湿度仍未恢复，在当前气候条件下未来复苏可能性极低。

▲ Abstract：

Rising atmospheric and ocean temperatures have caused substantial changes in terrestrial water circulation and land surface water fluxes, such as precipitation and evapotranspiration, potentially leading to abrupt shifts in terrestrial water storage. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) soil moisture (SM) product reveals a sharp depletion during the early 21st century. During the period 2000 to 2002, soil moisture declined by approximately 1614 gigatonnes, much larger than Greenland’s ice loss of about 900 gigatonnes (2002–2006). From 2003 to 2016, SM depletion continued, with an additional 1009-gigatonne loss. This depletion is supported by two independent observations of global mean sea level rise (~4.4 millimeters) and Earth’s pole shift (~45 centimeters). Precipitation deficits and stable evapotranspiration likely caused this decline, and SM has not recovered as of 2021, with future recovery unlikely under present climate conditions.

生物学Biology

Canine genome-wide association study identifies DENND1B as an obesity gene in dogs and humans

犬类全基因组关联研究认为DENND1B基因与犬类和人类的肥胖都相关

▲ 作者：Natalie J. Wallis, Alyce McClellan et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads2145

▲摘要：

肥胖是一种遗传疾病，但其遗传基础尚不明确。犬类种群演化史为性状定位提供了独特优势。

我们对241只拉布拉多犬进行全基因组关联分析（以体况评分作为肥胖指标），采用跨物种研究方法首次证实：犬类肥胖相关基因同样与人类罕见及常见肥胖类型存在关联。其中最主要的关联信号位于DENND1B基因（含DENN结构域的1B基因），该基因每个变异等位基因拷贝可增加约7%的体脂率。

我们进一步揭示该基因通过调控黑素皮质素4受体（能量稳态的关键调控因子）的信号传导与膜转运发挥作用。这项研究通过犬类遗传学发现了对犬类和人类均具有重要意义的肥胖基因及其作用机制。

▲ Abstract：

Obesity is a heritable disease, but its genetic basis is incompletely understood. Canine population history facilitates trait mapping. We performed a canine genome-wide association study for body condition score—a measure of obesity—in 241 Labrador retrievers. Using a cross-species approach, we showed that canine obesity genes are also associated with rare and common forms of obesity in humans. The lead canine association was within the gene DENN domain containing 1B (DENND1B). Each copy of the alternate allele was associated with ~7% greater body fat. We demonstrate a role for this gene in regulating signaling and trafficking of melanocortin 4 receptor, a critical controller of energy homeostasis. Thus, canine genetics identified obesity genes and mechanisms relevant to both dogs and humans.

A geographic history of human genetic ancestry

人类遗传谱系的地理史

▲ 作者：Michael C. Grundler, Jonathan Terhorst, and Gideon S. Bradburd

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp4642

▲摘要：

描述遗传变异在个体间的分布规律是群体遗传学的核心目标。

我们提出了一种新方法，通过解析基因组树状序列中蕴含的丰富谱系信息，能够追溯测序样本共享祖先的地理位置。应用该方法对欧、亚、非三大洲人类基因组进行分析后，我们成功还原了这些大陆上的主要人口迁徙情况。

研究结果揭示，在阐释人类遗传变异时，必须明确遗传谱系的时空背景，同时警示学界，当前关于种族与祖先的讨论中，对遗传数据的简化解读存在重大认知风险。

▲ Abstract：

Describing the distribution of genetic variation across individuals is a fundamental goal of population genetics. We present a method that capitalizes on the rich genealogical information encoded in genomic tree sequences to infer the geographic locations of the shared ancestors of a sample of sequenced individuals. We used this method to infer the geographic history of genetic ancestry of a set of human genomes sampled from Europe, Asia, and Africa, accurately recovering major population movements on those continents. Our findings demonstrate the importance of defining the spatiotemporal context of genetic ancestry when describing human genetic variation and caution against the oversimplified interpretations of genetic data prevalent in contemporary discussions of race and ancestry.

物理学Physics

Selective filtering of photonic quantum entanglement via anti–parity-time symmetry

基于反宇称—时间对称的光子量子纠缠选择性滤波

▲ 作者：Mahmoud A. Selim, Max Ehrhardt et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu3777

▲摘要：

量子纠缠作为计算、传感与通信的核心资源，其相干性极易受环境干扰而退化。

现有量子光学研究主要通过光子辅助态与里德堡原子阻塞等滤波技术来恢复纠缠态。本研究创新性地利用非厄米系统特性，通过构建反宇称—时间对称的双态波导结构，实现了任意输入态的高效纠缠提取。

该滤波系统在无损波导网络中实现，单/双光子激发下保真度接近极限值，且可扩展至多光子体系，在传输过程中保持优异的退相干鲁棒性。这一成果为利用非厄米对称性解决量子技术中的关键挑战提供了新范式。

▲ Abstract：

Entanglement is a key resource for quantum computing, sensing, and communication, but it is susceptible to decoherence. To address this, research in quantum optics has explored filtering techniques such as photon ancillas and Rydberg atom blockade to restore entangled states. We introduce an approach to entanglement retrieval that exploits the features of non-Hermitian systems. By designing an anti–parity-time two-state guiding configuration, we demonstrate efficient extraction of entanglement from any input state. This filter is implemented on a lossless waveguide network and achieves near-unity fidelity under single- and two-photon excitation and is scalable to higher photon levels, remaining robust against decoherence during propagation. Our results offer an approach to using non-Hermitian symmetries to address central challenges in quantum technologies.

生物电子学Bioelectronics

Full freedom-of-motion actuators as advanced haptic interfaces

用于先进触觉交互的全自由度运动致动器

▲ 作者：Kyoung-Ho Ha, Jaeyoung Yoo et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2481

▲摘要：

触觉作为传递环境信息的关键通道，不仅能实现物体识别、精细操作与社会交互，更可通过刺激皮肤感受器的触觉致动器进行人工调控。当前触觉接口技术面临的核心挑战在于：如何以可编程的时空模式激活人体大范围区域内的各类机械感受器。

在此，我们提出一种微型致动技术，可向皮肤表面施加全向叠加的动态作用力，从而实现对特定机械感受器类别或其组合的精准刺激。如人体感知实验所示，该技术在扩展现实应用中展现出了卓越的性能。

通过高比特率触觉信息传输，既能实现精准的手部导航与逼真的纹理再现，又能完成音乐感知的感官替代，为虚拟触觉体验带来突破性进展。

▲ Abstract：

The sense of touch conveys critical environmental information, facilitating object recognition, manipulation, and social interaction, and can be engineered through haptic actuators that stimulate cutaneous receptors. An unfulfilled challenge lies in haptic interface technologies that can engage all the various mechanoreceptors in a programmable, spatiotemporal fashion across large areas of the body. Here, we introduce a small-scale actuator technology that can impart omnidirectional, superimposable, dynamic forces to the surface of skin, as the basis for stimulating individual classes of mechanoreceptors or selected combinations of them. High-bit haptic information transfer and realistic virtual tactile sensations are possible, as illustrated through human subject perception studies in extended reality applications that include advanced hand navigation, realistic texture reproduction, and sensory substitution for music perception.

管理学Management

High-frequency location data show that race affects citations and fines for speeding

高频定位数据显示种族因素影响超速罚单开具及罚款金额

▲ 作者：Pradhi Aggarwal, Alec Brandon et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5357

▲摘要：

此前有关种族画像的研究表明，在执法过程中，少数族裔往往比白人受到更严厉的处罚。

然而，对于这些执法接触的成因及其对理解种族定性的影响，学界认知仍然有限。基于美国佛罗里达州共222838名网约车司机的高频定位数据（包含1930万次定位信息），我们分析了司机种族对超速罚单及罚款金额的影响。

研究发现，在相同车速情况下，少数族裔司机收到超速罚单的概率比白人司机高出24%至33%，罚款金额也高出23%至34%。事故率和再犯率数据均无法解释这一差异，这表明执法过程中可能存在针对少数族裔的偏见。

▲ Abstract：

Prior research on racial profiling has found that in encounters with law enforcement, minorities are punished more severely than white civilians. Less is known about the causes of these encounters and their implications for our understanding of racial profiling. Using high-frequency location data of rideshare drivers in Florida (N = 222,838 individuals), we estimate the effect of driver race on citations and fines for speeding using 19.3 million location pings. Compared with a white driver traveling the same speed, we find that racial or ethnic minority drivers are 24 to 33% more likely to be cited for speeding and pay 23 to 34% more money in fines. We find no evidence that accident and reoffense rates explain these estimates, which suggests that an animus against minorities underlies our results.