编译|未玖

Science, 10 JAN 2025, VOL 387, ISSUE 6730

《科学》2025年1月10日，第387卷，6730期

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物理学Physics

Photonic axion insulator

光子轴子绝缘体

▲ 作者：GUI-GENG LIU, SUBHASKAR MANDAL, XIANG XI, QIANG WANG, CHIARA DEVESCOVI, ANTONIO MORALES-PéREZ, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr5234

▲摘要：

轴子是一种假设的基本粒子，在自然界中无法探测到，其可以作为准粒子出现在被称为轴子绝缘体的三维晶体中。先前轴子绝缘体的实现在很大程度上局限于二维系统，在实验中尚未探索其三维拓扑特性。

研究组在三维光子晶体中实现了一种轴子绝缘子，并研究了其拓扑性质。实验演示的特征包括每个表面上类似于分数陈氏绝缘子的半量子化陈数，在三维中形成拓扑输运的单向手性铰链态，以及分数陈数和整数陈数之间的算术运算。

该工作通过实验将轴子绝缘体确立为物质的三维拓扑相，并实现了手性态通过编织形成复杂的单向三维网络。

▲ Abstract：

Axions, hypothetical elementary particles that remain undetectable in nature, can arise as quasiparticles in three-dimensional crystals known as axion insulators. Previous implementations of axion insulators have largely been limited to two-dimensional systems, leaving their topological properties in three dimensions unexplored in experiment. Here, we realize an axion insulator in a three-dimensional photonic crystal and probe its topological properties. Demonstrated features include half-quantized Chern numbers on each surface that resembles a fractional Chern insulator, unidirectional chiral hinge states forming topological transport in three dimensions, and arithmetic operations between fractional and integer Chern numbers. Our work experimentally establishes the axion insulator as a three-dimensional topological phase of matter and enables chiral states to form complex, unidirectional three-dimensional networks through braiding.

Quadruple-band synglisis enables high thermoelectric efficiency in earth-abundant tin sulfide crystals

四能带合成使地球储量丰富的硫化锡晶体具有高热电效率

▲ 作者：SHAN LIU, SHULIN BAI, YI WEN, JING LOU, YONGZHEN JIANG, YINGCAI ZHU, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1133

▲摘要：

热电材料一直受到其组成元素稀缺的限制，尤其是碲化物。地球上储量丰富的宽禁带（Eg≈46 kBT）硫化锡（SnS）在晶体形态上表现出颇具前景的性能。

研究组通过促进四个价带的能量和动量辐合来提高SnS晶体的热电效率，称为四能带合成。他们在硒（Se）合金SnS中引入了更多的Sn空位来激活四能带合成，并通过诱导SnS₂来促进载流子的传输，从而实现p型SnS晶体在300 K温度下约1.0的高无量纲品质系数（ZT），在300 K~ 773 K温度下的平均ZT为1.3。

研究组进一步获得了6.5%的实验效率，其制造的冷却器在353 K时的最大冷却温差为48.4 K。该发现有望引起人们对地球上储量丰富的SnS晶体在废热回收和热电冷却方面应用的兴趣。

▲ Abstract：

Thermoelectrics have been limited by the scarcity of their constituent elements, especially telluride. The earth-abundant, wide-bandgap (Eg ≈ 46 kBT) tin sulfide (SnS) has shown promising performance in its crystal form. We improved the thermoelectric efficiency in SnS crystals by promoting the convergence of energy and momentum of fo

ur valance bands, termed quadruple-band synglisis. We introduced more Sn vacancies to activate quadruple-band synglisis and facilitate carrier transport by inducing SnS₂ in selenium (Se)–alloyed SnS, leading to a high dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of ~1.0 at 300 kelvin and an average ZT of ~1.3 at 300 to 773 kelvin in p-type SnS crystals. We further obtained an experimental efficiency of ~6.5%, and our fabricated cooler demonstrated a maximum cooling temperature difference of ~48.4 kelvin at 353 kelvin. Our observations should draw interest to earth-abundant SnS crystals for applications of waste-heat recovery and thermoelectric cooling.

材料科学Materials Science

Building materials could store more than 16 billion tonnes of CO₂annually

建筑材料每年可储存超过160亿吨的CO₂

▲ 作者：ELISABETH VAN ROIJEN, SABBIE A. MILLER AND STEVEN J. DAVIS

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq8594

▲摘要：

实现温室气体净零排放可能不仅需要减少排放，还需要有效利用二氧化碳（CO₂）去除技术。

研究组探索了每年在建筑材料中储存CO₂的潜力。结果发现，在新的基础设施中，用CO₂储存替代品完全取代传统建筑材料，每年可储存多达166±28亿吨CO₂——约占2021年人为CO₂排放量的50%。

总储存潜力对所用材料的规模比对单位质量材料储存的碳量更敏感。此外，建筑材料的碳储存库将与对这些材料的需求成比例增长，有望减少对成本更高或环境风险更大的地质、陆地或海洋储存的需求。

▲ Abstract：

Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions likely entails not only lowering emissions but also deploying carbon dioxide (CO₂) removal technologies. We explored the annual potential to store CO₂ in building materials. We found that fully replacing conventional building materials with CO₂-storing alternatives in new infrastructure could store as much as 16.6 ± 2.8 billion tonnes of CO₂ each year—roughly 50% of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions in 2021. The total storage potential is far more sensitive to the scale of materials used than the quantity of carbon stored per unit mass of materials. Moreover, the carbon storage reservoir of building materials will grow in proportion to demand for such materials, which could reduce demand for more costly or environmentally risky geological, terrestrial, or ocean storage.

Wafer-scale monolayer MoS₂ film integration for stable, efficient perovskite solar cells

晶圆级单层MoS₂膜集成助力稳定、高效的钙钛矿太阳能电池

▲ 作者：HUACHAO ZAI, PENGFEI YANG, JIE SU, RUIYANG YIN, RUNDONG FAN, YUETONG WU, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2351

▲摘要：

钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）商业化的主要挑战之一是实现高功率转换效率（PCE）和足够的稳定性。

研究组通过转移工艺将晶圆级连续单层MoS₂缓冲膜集成至钙钛矿层的顶部和底部。这些膜在物理上阻止了钙钛矿离子迁移到载流子输运层，并通过强配位相互作用在化学上稳定了甲脒-碘化铅相。

有效的化学钝化源于Pb-S键的形成，少数载流子通过I型带排列被阻挡。MoS₂/钙钛矿/MoS₂配置的平面p-i-n PSCs（0.074平方厘米）和模块（9.6平方厘米）的PCE分别高达26.2%（经认证的稳态PCE为25.9%）和22.8%。

此外，该器件表现出优异的湿热（85℃和85%相对湿度）稳定性，1200小时后PCE损失<5%，且在高温（85℃）下运行稳定性显著，1200小时后PCE损失<4%。

▲ Abstract：

One of the primary challenges in commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is achieving both high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sufficient stability. We integrate wafer-scale continuous monolayer MoS₂ buffers at the top and bottom of a perovskite layer through a transfer process. These films physically block ion migration of perovskite into carrier transport layers and chemically stabilize the formamidinium lead iodide phase through strong coordination interaction. Effective chemical passivation results from the formation of Pb-S bonds, and minority carriers are blocked through a type-I band alignment. Planar p-i-n PSCs (0.074 square centimeters) and modules (9.6 square centimeters) with MoS₂/perovskite/MoS₂ configuration achieve PCEs up to 26.2% (certified steady-state PCE of 25.9%) and 22.8%, respectively. Moreover, the devices show excellent damp heat (85°C and 85% relative humidity) stability with <5% PCE loss after 1200 hours and notable high temperature (85°C) operational stability with <4% PCE loss after 1200 hours.

化学Chemistry

BFluorine-rich poly(arylene amine) membranes for the separation of liquid aliphatic compounds

富氟聚芳胺膜助力分离液态脂肪族化合物

▲ 作者：YI REN, HUI MA, JINSU KIM, MOHAMMED AL OTMI, PING LIN, CHANGHUI DAI, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp2619

▲摘要：

研究组探索了膜材料在分离脂肪烃原料和产品时减少能量和碳需求的潜力。他们开发了一系列富氟聚（芳胺）聚合物膜，其特点是具有刚性聚合物主链和分离的全氟烷基侧链。这种组合使聚合物能够抵抗碳氢化合物浸泡引发的膨胀，而不会损失基于溶液的膜制造技术。这些材料在常温下对液相烷烃异构体具有良好的分离性能。

通过一系列实验研究了将这些聚合物膜集成到燃料和化学原料分离工艺中。基于这些实验的技术经济分析表明，性能最佳的膜材料可以大幅降低碳氢化合物分离的能源成本和相关碳排放（根据产品规格，可降低2至10倍）。

▲ Abstract：

We explored the potential for membrane materials to reduce energy and carbon requirements for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbon feedstocks and products. We developed a series of fluorine-rich poly(arylene amine) polymer membranes that feature rigid polymer backbones with segregated perfluoroalkyl side chains. This combination imbues the polymers with resistance to dilation induced by hydrocarbon immersion without the loss of solution-based membrane fabrication techniques. These materials exhibit good separation of liquid-phase alkane isomers at ambient temperatures. The integration of these polymeric membranes into fuel and chemical feedstock separation processes was investigated in a series of experiments. Technoeconomic analyses based on these experiments indicate that the best-performing membrane materials can substantially reduce the energy costs and associated carbon emissions of hydrocarbon separations (two to 10 times, depending on product specifications).

地球科学Earth Science

Linear-viscous flow of temperate ice

温带冰的线性粘性流动

▲ 作者：COLLIN M. SCHOHN, NEAL R. IVERSON, LUCAS K. ZOET, JACOB R. FOWLER AND NATASHA MORGAN-WITTS

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp7708

▲摘要：

对处于压力融化温度且在晶界处含有液态水的温带冰川冰的变形进行精确建模，对于预测冰盖向海洋的排放以及相关的海平面上升至关重要。这种模型的核心是格伦流动定律，其中应变率取决于应力的n=3到4次幂。

与这种非线性形成鲜明对比的是，研究组通过进行大规模剪切变形实验发现，在冰川床附近和冰流边缘的液态水含量和应力的通用范围内，温带冰是线性粘性的（n≈1.0）。这种线性可能由晶界处的扩散压力融化和再冻结引发，有助于稳定冰盖对收缩引起的应力增加的模拟响应。

▲ Abstract：

Accurately modeling the deformation of temperate glacier ice, which is at its pressure-melting temperature and contains liquid water at grain boundaries, is essential for predicting ice sheet discharge to the ocean and associated sea-level rise. Central to such modeling is Glen’s flow law, in which strain rate depends on stress raised to a power of n = 3 to 4. In sharp contrast to this nonlinearity, we found by conducting large-scale, shear-deformation experiments that temperate ice is linear-viscous (n ≈ 1.0) over common ranges of liquid water content and stress expected near glacier beds and in ice-stream margins. This linearity is likely caused by diffusive pressure melting and refreezing at grain boundaries and could help to stabilize modeled responses of ice sheets to shrinkage-induced stress increases.