该研究团队提出了一种基于量子理论的解决方案。研究人员实现了一种量子随机性服务，而不是依赖于传统的随机预测模型。该服务能够生成经过无漏洞贝尔测试认证的随机数，并通过后量子加密（PQC）身份验证来提供这些随机数。利用这种量子随机性服务，研究人员成功构想并实现了三色问题的非交互式零知识证明（NIZKP）。这项工作的重要性在于它将量子非定域性、后量子加密和零知识证明这三个重要的研究领域结合在一起。这一创新性的结合预计将激发更多在量子信息科学和密码学领域的交叉创新应用。
据悉，零知识证明（ZKP）是密码学领域的一项基本原语，它能够让证明者在不透露任何额外信息的情况下，向验证者证明自己陈述的真实性。而非交互式零知识证明（NIZKP）作为ZKP的一种高效变体，采用了Fiat-Shamir启发式，对于诸如联邦学习、区块链和社交网络等广泛应用而言，具有至关重要的作用。然而，目前的启发式方法通常建立在随机预测模型之上，这一模型对哈希函数做出了过于理想的假设，而这些假设在现实中并不成立，从而可能破坏协议的安全性。
附：英文原文
Title: Device-independent quantum randomness–enhanced zero-knowledge proof
Author: Li, Cheng-Long, Zhang, Kai-Yi, Zhang, Xingjian, Yang, Kui-Xing, Han, Yu, Cheng, Su-Yi, Cui, Hongrui, Liu, Wen-Zhao, Li, Ming-Han, Liu, Yang, Bai, Bing, Dong, Hai-Hao, Zhang, Jun, Ma, Xiongfeng, Yu, Yu, Fan, Jingyun, Zhang, Qiang, Pan, Jian-Wei
Issue&Volume: 2023-11-2
Abstract: Zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is a fundamental cryptographic primitive that allows a prover to convince a verifier of the validity of a statement without leaking any further information. As an efficient variant of ZKP, noninteractive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) adopting the Fiat–Shamir heuristic is essential to a wide spectrum of applications, such as federated learning, blockchain, and social networks. However, the heuristic is typically built upon the random oracle model that makes ideal assumptions about hash functions, which does not hold in reality and thus undermines the security of the protocol. Here, we present a quantum solution to the problem. Instead of resorting to a random oracle model, we implement a quantum randomness service. This service generates random numbers certified by the loophole-free Bell test and delivers them with postquantum cryptography (PQC) authentication. By employing this service, we conceive and implement NIZKP of the three-coloring problem. By bridging together three prominent research themes, quantum nonlocality, PQC, and ZKP, we anticipate this work to inspire more innovative applications that combine quantum information science and the cryptography field.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205463120
Source: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2205463120