美国加州大学旧金山分校Peter J. Turnbaugh小组近日发现，生酮饮食能够改变肠道微生物组，从而导致肠道Th17细胞减少。这一研究成果于2020年5月20日在线发表在《细胞》上。

研究人员发现，生酮饮食（KD）以与高脂饮食（HFD）不同的方式改变了人类和小鼠的肠道菌群。一项为期8周住院研究的粪便样品元基因组学和代谢组学分析显示，KD期间肠道微生物群落结构和功能发生了明显变化。在小鼠中进行的梯度饮食实验证实，相对于HFD而言，KD具有独特的影响，且双歧杆菌出现重复性减少。

体外和体内实验表明，酮体可选择性抑制双歧杆菌的生长。最后，将单菌落和人类微生物组移植到无菌小鼠中发现，与KD相关的肠道菌群降低了肠道促炎性Th17细胞的水平。总之，这些结果凸显了不同物种间的化学对话对于介导宿主对饮食干预响应的重要性。

据了解，碳水化合物含量低、高脂肪的生酮饮食（KD）会引起代谢燃料利用率的显著变化，从而提高循环中的酮体。然而，这些化合物对宿主与微生物组相互作用的后果仍然未知。

附：英文原文

Title: Ketogenic Diets Alter the Gut Microbiome Resulting in Decreased Intestinal Th17 Cells

Author: Qi Yan Ang, Margaret Alexander, John C. Newman, Yuan Tian, Jingwei Cai, Vaibhav Upadhyay, Jessie A. Turnbaugh, Eric Verdin, Kevin D. Hall, Rudolph L. Leibel, Eric Ravussin, Michael Rosenbaum, Andrew D. Patterson, Peter J. Turnbaugh

Issue&Volume: 2020-05-20

Abstract: Very low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diets (KDs) induce a pronounced shift inmetabolic fuel utilization that elevates circulating ketone bodies; however, the consequencesof these compounds for host-microbiome interactions remain unknown. Here, we showthat KDs alter the human and mouse gut microbiota in a manner distinct from high-fatdiets (HFDs). Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses of stool samples from an 8-weekinpatient study revealed marked shifts in gut microbial community structure and functionduring the KD. Gradient diet experiments in mice confirmed the unique impact of KDsrelative to HFDs with a reproducible depletion of bifidobacteria. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that ketone bodies selectively inhibited bifidobacterial growth.Finally, mono-colonizations and human microbiome transplantations into germ-free micerevealed that the KD-associated gut microbiota reduces the levels of intestinal pro-inflammatoryTh17 cells. Together, these results highlight the importance of trans-kingdom chemical dialogs for mediating the host response to dietary interventions.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.027

Source: https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30490-6