近日，CRASH-3试验合作团队探讨了氨甲环酸对急性创伤性脑损伤患者死亡、残疾、血管闭塞事件和其他疾病的影响。这一研究成果2019年10月14日在线发表于《柳叶刀》。

2012年7月20日至2019年1月31日，研究组在29个国家的175家医院中进行了这项随机、安慰剂对照试验，招募了12737名受伤3小时以内的外伤性脑损伤（TBI）成人，格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分低于12分，或CT扫描发现颅内出血，且无重大颅外出血。研究组按1：1随机将参与者分为两组，其中6406名接受氨甲环酸治疗，6331名接受安慰剂治疗。

共有9202（72.2%）患者在受伤后3小时内接受治疗，其中氨甲环酸组有18.5%的患者在住院后28天内死亡，安慰剂组为19.8%，风险比为0.94。排除GCS评分3分或双侧瞳孔不收缩的患者后，氨甲环酸组和安慰剂组的颅脑损伤相关死亡风险分别为12.5%和14.0%，风险比为0.89。对于轻中度颅脑损伤的患者，应用氨甲环酸可降低死亡风险，风险比为0.78；但对于重度颅脑损伤的患者却不能降低。另外，轻中度颅脑损伤患者早期治疗的效果显著优于晚期治疗，而重度颅脑损伤患者早期治疗或晚期治疗的效果相差不大。氨甲环酸组和安慰剂组发生血管闭塞和癫痫的风险相差无几。

结果表明，氨甲环酸对TBI患者安全有效，在受伤后3小时内进行治疗可减少颅脑损伤相关死亡。

据悉，氨甲环酸可减少外伤性颅外出血患者的手术出血和死亡率。但TBI后颅内出血很常见，可导致脑疝和死亡。

附：英文原文

Title: Effects of tranexamic acid on death, disability, vascular occlusive events and other morbidities in patients with acute traumatic brain injury (CRASH-3): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Author: The CRASH- trial collaborators

Issue&Volume: 14 October 2019

Abstract: 

Background

Tranexamic acid reduces surgical bleeding and decreases mortality in patients with traumatic extracranial bleeding. Intracranial bleeding is common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can cause brain herniation and death. We aimed to assess the effects of tranexamic acid in patients with TBI.

Methods

This randomised, placebo-controlled trial was done in 175 hospitals in 29 countries. Adults with TBI who were within 3 h of injury, had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 12 or lower or any intracranial bleeding on CT scan, and no major extracranial bleeding were eligible. The time window for eligibility was originally 8 h but in 2016 the protocol was changed to limit recruitment to patients within 3 h of injury. This change was made blind to the trial data, in response to external evidence suggesting that delayed treatment is unlikely to be effective. We randomly assigned (1:1) patients to receive tranexamic acid (loading dose 1 g over 10 min then infusion of 1 g over 8 h) or matching placebo. Patients were assigned by selecting a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Patients, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. The primary outcome was head injury-related death in hospital within 28 days of injury in patients treated within 3 h of injury. We prespecified a sensitivity analysis that excluded patients with a GCS score of 3 and those with bilateral unreactive pupils at baseline. All analyses were done by intention to treat. This trial was registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN15088122), ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01402882), EudraCT (2011-003669-14), and the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR20121000441277).

Results

Between July 20, 2012, and Jan 31, 2019, we randomly allocated 12?737 patients with TBI to receive tranexamic acid (6406 [50·3%] or placebo [6331 [49·7%], of whom 9202 (72·2%) patients were treated within 3 h of injury. Among patients treated within 3 h of injury, the risk of head injury-related death was 18·5% in the tranexamic acid group versus 19·8% in the placebo group (855 vs 892 events; risk ratio [RR] 0·94 [95% CI 0·86–1·02]). In the prespecified sensitivity analysis that excluded patients with a GCS score of 3 or bilateral unreactive pupils at baseline, the risk of head injury-related death was 12·5% in the tranexamic acid group versus 14·0% in the placebo group (485 vs 525 events; RR 0·89 [95% CI 0·80–1·00]). The risk of head injury-related death reduced with tranexamic acid in patients with mild-to-moderate head injury (RR 0·78 [95% CI 0·64–0·95]) but not in patients with severe head injury (0·99 [95% CI 0·91–1·07]; p value for heterogeneity 0·030). Early treatment was more effective than was later treatment in patients with mild and moderate head injury (p=0·005) but time to treatment had no obvious effect in patients with severe head injury (p=0·73). The risk of vascular occlusive events was similar in the tranexamic acid and placebo groups (RR 0·98 (0·74–1·28). The risk of seizures was also similar between groups (1·09 [95% CI 0·90–1·33]).

Interpretation

Our results show that tranexamic acid is safe in patients with TBI and that treatment within 3 h of injury reduces head injury-related death. Patients should be treated as soon as possible after injury.

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32233-0

Source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32233-0/fulltext#